1、2021年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一測試英語二試題Section I Use of EnglishDirections :Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is

2、also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nat ion ' s cybezar, offered the federal governmenta 4 to make the Web a safer place-a " voluntary

3、 trusted identity" system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6 one. The systemmight use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8

4、a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver' slicense 10 by the government.Google and Mic

5、rosoft are among companies that already have these “ singe sign-on systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a“ walled garden " n cyberspace, with safe“ neighborhocand bright a streetlights " to establish a ©e

6、nseammunity.Mr. Schmidt described it as a“ voluntary ecosystem " in which a individuals andorganizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs ".Still, the administration'_1

7、plaprivasy rights activists. Some applaud the approach;others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet“ drive ' s license " mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who wor

8、ry that the “ voluntary ecosystem " envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. sweptB. skippedC. walkedD. r

9、idden2. A. forB. withinC. whileD. though3. A. carelessB. lawlessC. pointlessD. helpless4. A. reasonB. reminderC. compromiseD. proposal5. A. informationB. interferenceC. entertainmentD. equivalent6. A. byB. intoC. fromD. over7. A. linkedB. directedC. chainedD. compared8. A. dismissB. discoverC. creat

10、eD. improve9. A. recallB. suggestC. selectD. realize10. A. releasedB. issuedC. distributedD. delivered11. A. carry onB .linger onC. set inD. log in12. A. In vainB. In effectC. In returnD. In contrast13. A. trustedB. modernizedc. thrivingD. competing14. A. cautionB. delightC. confidenceD. patience15.

11、 A. onB. afterC. beyondD. across16. A. dividedB. disappointedC. protectedD. united17. A. frequentlyB. incidentallyC. occasionallyD. eventually18. A. skepticismB. relevanceC. indifferenceD. enthusiasm19. A. manageableB. defendableC. vulnerableD. invisible20. A. invitedB. appointedC. allowedD. forcedS

12、ection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs ' board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she be

13、came president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2021 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman' s compensation committee; how could she have let thoseenormous bonus payouts pass unrem

14、arked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm ' s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably ha

15、ve enough independence to disagree with the chief executive' s proposals. If the sky, and the share price isfalling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms

16、and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those“ surprise " disappearancesdirectors under the age

17、of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be la

18、rger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they“trade up. " Leaving riskier, smalkfirms for larger and more stable firms.But the re

19、searchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough

20、 times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her duty©refusing to make compromises Dleaving

21、the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecasters Dindependent advisers23. Acco rding to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director' s surprisedeparture, the firm is

22、 likely to .Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock market Dperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustom

23、ed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25. The author ' s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .ApermissiveBpositive Cscornful DcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remo

24、ve the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America ' s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should t

25、he state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry,

26、have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have

27、 gone since 2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, w

28、ith a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2021, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is

29、 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters.

30、 Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “ Newspapers like their own doom -4, Par«(Lin)eshe author indicates that newspaper.Aneglected the sign of crisisBfailed to get st

31、ate subsidiesCwere not charitable corporationsDwere in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.Areaders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areas Dsubscribers complained about slimmer p

32、roducts 28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they.Ahave more sources of revenueBhave more balanced newsroomsCare less dependent on advertisingDare less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current

33、newspaper business? ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.BCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.CForeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.DReaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text woul

34、d be AAmerican Newspapers: Struggling for Survival BAmerican Newspapers: Gone with the Wind ©American Newspapers: A Thriving Business DAmerican Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers

35、returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and tha

36、t restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “l(fā)ess is more " was actunsHy)opularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der

37、 Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies

38、 ' s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symboli

39、zed the future. Mies ' sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago ' Lsake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 squa

40、re feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city ' s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildingsdetails and proportions, thearchitectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend t

41、oward "less " was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “ Cas金tudy Houses " commissioned fro

42、m talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “l(fā)essis more“ trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few Amer

43、ican families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .'Aprosperity and growth Befficiency and practicality Cr

44、estraint and confidence Dpride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus? AIt was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.BIts designing concept was affected by World War II.CMost American architects used to be associated with it. DIt had a great influence

45、 upon American architecture. 33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design . Awas related to large space Bwas identified with emptinessCwas not reliant on abundant decoration Dwas not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartment s Mies building Chicago ' s Lake Shore Driv

46、e?AThey ignored details and proportions.BThey were built with materials popular at that time.CThey were more spacious than neighboring buildings.DThey shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. Wh at can we learn about the design of the“ Case Study House ?AMechanical devices were widely used.BN

47、atural scenes were taken into considerationCDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect. DEco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project ' s greatest cheerleader ' s talk of a continent

48、 facing a“ Bermuda triandebt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone' s econcweaker or stronger, will one day converge than

49、ks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe' s single currency from disintegration is stuck. Itis stuck because the euro zone' s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the ne

50、ed forgreater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds

51、for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country 'vsting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigors; in the

52、 inner core alone, Germany fears,a small majority favour French interference.A “ southern camp headed by French wants something different:Euroieeconomicgovernment "within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redist

53、ribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in cor

54、porate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worldtrading blocks Atrgebest, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comp

55、arable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems thatA it has more or less lost faith in marketsB even its supporters begin to feel concernedC some of its member countries plan to abando

56、n euroD it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU ' s single currency is stuck because the dominant powersA are competing for the leading positionB are busy handling their own crisesC fail to reach an agreement on harmonizationD disagree on the steps towards dis

57、integration38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that .A EU funds for poor regions be increasedB stricter regulations be imposedC only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies tha

58、t _.A poor countries are more likely to get fundsB strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC loans will be readily available to rich countriesD rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel.A pessimisticB desperateC conceitedD hopefulPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of