1、人教課標(biāo)版人教課標(biāo)版 高二高二 選修選修 8Unit 1GrammarLook at the following clauses in the sentences and think about what role do these clauses play in the sentences.What attracts people to California is its pleasant climate and relaxed lifestyle. This is why each year a great number of people from all over the world

2、try to immigrate to California.However, most applicants know that they have very little chance of getting a visa. 主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)1. 概念概念 在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句性從句 (Noun Clauses)。 名詞名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等, 因此根據(jù)它在因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能句中不同

3、的語(yǔ)法功能, 名詞名詞性從句又可分別性從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句稱為主語(yǔ)從句(Subject Clause)、賓語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句(Object Clause)、表語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句(Predicative Clause) 和同位語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句(Appositive Clause)。What he wants to tell us is not clear. I believe (that) he is honest. The question is who (which of you) will be the next speaker. The news that he had landed

4、on the moon spread all over the world. 主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句2. 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類: 連接詞連接詞/從屬連詞從屬連詞that, whether, if 不充不充當(dāng)從句的任何成分當(dāng)從句的任何成分 連接代詞連接代詞: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 連接副詞連接副詞: when, where, how, why3. 不可省略的連詞：不可省略的連詞：1) 介詞后的連詞介詞后的連詞 2) 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和

5、同位語(yǔ)從句的連引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。詞不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won. Subject Clause (主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句)Object Clause (賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句)Predicative Clause (表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句) Noun clause一、主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ)一、主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作主語(yǔ), 它可它可 以位于句首以位于句首, 但常見的主語(yǔ)從句多放在但常見的主語(yǔ)從句多放在句末句末, 句首則用形式主語(yǔ)句首則用形式主語(yǔ)it。 T

6、hat the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round. 主語(yǔ)從句的用法主語(yǔ)從句的用法2. Whether he will come hasnt been decided. = It hasnt been decided whether he will come. 注意注意: 連詞連詞that, whether在從句中不擔(dān)任在從句中不擔(dān)任句子成分句子成分, 只起連接作用只起連接作用, 不能省略不能省略 (注注: if不可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句）不可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句）二、用二、用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)(1

7、) It is名詞從句名詞從句 It is a fact that 事實(shí)是事實(shí)是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that是常識(shí)是常識(shí)(2) It is形容詞從句形容詞從句 (多用多用 should) It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物動(dòng)詞從句不及物動(dòng)詞從句 It seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎(4) It is 過(guò)去分詞從句過(guò)去分詞從句 I

8、t is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道據(jù)報(bào)道 It has been proved that 已證實(shí)已證實(shí) It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō)據(jù)說(shuō)It is certain that he will come.It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week.It happened that we were out for a walk yesterday evening.It doesnt matter whether I stay or not.三、用帶三、用帶-ever的引導(dǎo)詞的引導(dǎo)詞 (如

9、如whoever, whatever) 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般不后置。引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句一般不后置。 Whoever leaves the room last should close the door. Whatever we do must be in the interests of the people.四、四、it作形式主語(yǔ)和作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較 it作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句, 主要是為主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu), 主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有變主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有變化。而化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)

10、調(diào)分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào), 無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分, 都可都可用連詞用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如。例如:uIt is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.uIt doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.uIt is in the morning that the murder took place.uIt is John that broke the window.五、五、what與與that在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別

11、 what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分子成分, 如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ), 而而that則不則不然然, 即不擔(dān)任成分。例如：即不擔(dān)任成分。例如： What you said yesterday is right. That she is still alive is a consolation. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)：句子結(jié)構(gòu)：主句主句 + 連接詞連接詞(引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞) + 賓語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句連接詞連接詞: 從屬連詞從屬連詞that, whether, if 連接代詞連接代詞 who, whom, whose, which, what 連接副詞連接副詞 wher

12、e, how, why, when賓語(yǔ)從句的用法賓語(yǔ)從句的用法He has got a pen. I thinkI think (that) he has got a pen.Where do they study English? Lily asksLily asks where they study English. Will you help me? I askI ask if you will help me.一、連詞一、連詞 (引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞)1. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí)(包括肯定句包括肯定句和否定句和否定句), 連詞由連詞由that引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), 因?yàn)橐驗(yàn)閠hat在從句

13、中不作任何成分在從句中不作任何成分, 也沒(méi)有任何也沒(méi)有任何具體意思具體意思, 因此在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體因此在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略中常省略。 He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster. Jane said (that) she wasnt late for the meeting. 2. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 由特殊由特殊疑問(wèn)詞充當(dāng)連接詞疑問(wèn)詞充當(dāng)連接詞, 因?yàn)樵撎厥庖蓡?wèn)因?yàn)樵撎厥庖蓡?wèn)詞詞 (即連接詞即連接詞) 在從句中擔(dān)任一定的在從句中擔(dān)任一定的句子成分句子成分, 具有一定的意義具有一定的意義, 所以不

14、所以不可以省略?？梢允÷?。 Do you know what he said just now? I dont remember when we arrived. I asked him where I could get so much money. Please tell me who we have to see. Do you know what time the plane leaves?Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game.A. why B. whatC. who D. that I was s

15、urprised by her words, which made me recognize _ silly mistakes I had made.A. what B. thatC. how D. which3. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 由連詞由連詞whether或或if引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)(口語(yǔ)中常用口語(yǔ)中常用if), 因?yàn)橐驗(yàn)閕f/whether翻譯成是否翻譯成是否, 具有一定的意具有一定的意義義, 所以不能省略。所以不能省略。 Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag. Lets see

16、if /whether we can find out some information about that city. 注意注意: 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用不能用if 表示表示 “是否是否”的情況如下：的情況如下： A) 在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。如：在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。如： The question is whether the film is worth seeing. The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B) 在主語(yǔ)從句中，只有用在主語(yǔ)從句中，只有用it作形式主作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí)語(yǔ)時(shí), wh

17、ether和和if 都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句, 否則否則, 也只能用也只能用whether。如。如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet. It hasnt been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.C) 在介詞之后。在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略介詞往往可以省略) 如如: It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D) 后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。如：后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。如： He

18、doesnt know whether to stay or not.E) 后面緊接后面緊接or not 時(shí)。如：時(shí)。如： We didnt know whether or not she was ready. 關(guān)聯(lián)詞關(guān)聯(lián)詞if, whether均可使用的情況如均可使用的情況如下：下： A) 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如：引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如： I wonder if (whether) the news is true or not. B) 在在 “be+形容詞形容詞” 之后。如：之后。如： He was not sure whether (if) it is right or wrong. 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用關(guān)

19、聯(lián)詞只能用 whether或或if, 不能用不能用that的情況如下：的情況如下： 若若doubt一詞作一詞作“懷疑懷疑”解接賓語(yǔ)解接賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)從句時(shí), 主句為肯定句用主句為肯定句用whether或或if, 主句為否定句或疑問(wèn)句用主句為否定句或疑問(wèn)句用that。如：。如： I doubt whether he will come soon. I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he will come soon注意注意: 下面這個(gè)例句中下面這個(gè)例句中doubt的含義為的含義為“認(rèn)為認(rèn)為未必可能未必可能”。 I doub

20、t that he will come.4. 跟在介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句跟在介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句: 賓語(yǔ)從句放賓語(yǔ)從句放在介詞后作介詞的賓語(yǔ)在介詞后作介詞的賓語(yǔ), 在使用這種結(jié)在使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)不能丟掉介詞。構(gòu)時(shí)不能丟掉介詞。 There is no news about whether a new bridge will be built. We are considering of where these trees should be planted.二、語(yǔ)序二、語(yǔ)序: 連接詞陳述句連接詞陳述句 合成一個(gè)句子：合成一個(gè)句子：He would be back in an hour. He said H

21、e said (that) he would be back in an hour.Do they speak English? We want to know We want to know if/whether they can speak English.What is her name? He asks me He asks me what her name is.三、時(shí)態(tài)：三、時(shí)態(tài)： 如果主句是過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)如果主句是過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般過(guò)包括一般過(guò)去時(shí)去時(shí), 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)), 那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)一定要用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。一定要用相對(duì)應(yīng)的過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。 When

22、 will Professor Li give us a talk? We wanted to know We want to know when Professor Li would give us a talk. Jim is a good student. The teacher said The teacher said (that) Jim was a good student. Has Mr. Green been in Beijing for five years? He asked He asked if/whether Mr. Green had been in Beijin

23、g for five years.四、在四、在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動(dòng)詞之后等動(dòng)詞之后, 賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)的否賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)的否定常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語(yǔ)上。定常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句的謂語(yǔ)上。 I dont think he will see you. I dont believe he will go. We dont expect he is coming. I dont think he can do it, can he? 注注: 此種用法主句的主語(yǔ)必須是第一人此種用法主句的主語(yǔ)必須是第一人稱稱I或或we，而且它的反意疑問(wèn)句的，而且它的反意疑問(wèn)句的助動(dòng)詞由從句

24、的助動(dòng)詞來(lái)定。助動(dòng)詞由從句的助動(dòng)詞來(lái)定。 I dont think he can do it, can he? I dont think you are right, are you? 在在suggest, insist, demand, order, require等表示建議等表示建議, 命令命令, 要求的動(dòng)詞要求的動(dòng)詞后后, 從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如: I insisted that he (should) do it at once. She suggested that the work (should) be finished at once. 注

25、意注意:1. 當(dāng)從句是客觀真理當(dāng)從句是客觀真理, 定義定義, 公理公理, 定理時(shí)定理時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2. 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ask時(shí)時(shí), 連詞不連詞不可能是可能是that; 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是say時(shí)時(shí), 連詞用連詞用that。1) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.2) He asks if I like playing the piano.3. 如果從句中含有如果從句中含有or或或or not時(shí)時(shí),只能用只能用whether而不用而不用if。 Do you kn

26、ow whether he is right or not? I dont care whether hell stay here or not. I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.五、在接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中五、在接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中, 為了保持為了保持句子平衡句子平衡, 用用it作形式賓語(yǔ)作形式賓語(yǔ), 將從句放于將從句放于句尾句尾, 常接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有常接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think. I think it necessary that we take plenty of h

27、ot water every day. I think it a pity to waste the food. 1. He asked _ for a violin. (MET1992) A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. (NMET1997) A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. wh

28、enever 在復(fù)合句中用作表語(yǔ)的從句是表語(yǔ)從在復(fù)合句中用作表語(yǔ)的從句是表語(yǔ)從句句, 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣, 表語(yǔ)從句位于連系表語(yǔ)從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后動(dòng)詞后, 有時(shí)用有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞 + that從句。從句。 Thats what we should do. Thats why I want to see you. 表語(yǔ)從句的用法表語(yǔ)從句的用法 The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 1. be, se

29、em, look等動(dòng)詞后均可跟表語(yǔ)等動(dòng)詞后均可跟表語(yǔ)從句：從句： My suggestion is that we should go shopping. It seems that it is going to rain. 2. as if, because 也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。 It looks as if its going to rain. It was because I got up late. 3. 在非正式文體中在非正式文體中, 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的that可以省略。如可以省略。如: The trouble is (that) he is ill. 注意

30、注意:在表語(yǔ)從句中在表語(yǔ)從句中, 當(dāng)當(dāng)reason做主語(yǔ)時(shí)做主語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞只能用引導(dǎo)詞只能用that, 不能用不能用because,如如:他遲他遲到的原因是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有趕上早班車。到的原因是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有趕上早班車。 The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus. 4. 主句的主語(yǔ)是名詞主句的主語(yǔ)是名詞idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement時(shí)時(shí), 表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣, 即即: (should) +v. My suggestion

31、 is that we should have a discussion about this matter instead of just setting it aside. What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon（上海（上海2001年春季招生）年春季招生） A. when B. how C. whether D. why - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that _ you had

32、a few days off ? (NMET1999)A. why B. what C. when D. where1. Not until noon did it stop raining. _ _ not until noon _ it stopped raining.It that was2. People believe that this medicine will cure his disease. _ _ _ that this medicine will cure his disease.3. Soon we arrived at the place we called the

33、 Fairy Island. Soon we arrived at _ we called the Fairy Island.Itisbelievedwhat1. 正是因?yàn)閻毫拥奶鞖庹且驗(yàn)閻毫拥奶鞖? 足球賽才推遲足球賽才推遲了。了。2. 據(jù)說(shuō)他去過(guò)美國(guó)的很多地方。據(jù)說(shuō)他去過(guò)美國(guó)的很多地方。It was because of the bad weather that the football match had to be put off.It is said that he has been to many places in the USA.3. 事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。事實(shí)是我們已

34、經(jīng)輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。4. 他給我們提出了一條建議他給我們提出了一條建議: 我們應(yīng)該我們應(yīng)該用省下的錢在鄉(xiāng)下買個(gè)房子。用省下的錢在鄉(xiāng)下買個(gè)房子。The fact is that we have lost the game.He has given us a suggestion that we should buy a cottage in the country with the money we have saved.5. 計(jì)算機(jī)只能做你指示它做的事情。計(jì)算機(jī)只能做你指示它做的事情。6. 他沒(méi)有去參加會(huì)議似乎是個(gè)事實(shí)。他沒(méi)有去參加會(huì)議似乎是個(gè)事實(shí)。It seemed to be a fact t

35、hat he didnt go to attend the meeting.A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do.7. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她勝任這項(xiàng)工作。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她勝任這項(xiàng)工作。8. 問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)會(huì)被派去執(zhí)行這個(gè)任務(wù)。問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)會(huì)被派去執(zhí)行這個(gè)任務(wù)。The problem is who can be sent there to carry out the project.There is no doubt that she is qualified for the job. Host: In this hour, well talk

36、about _ our life will be like in the future. Lets warmly welcome Dr. Smart, a professor from Future University! Hell tell us _ he thinks about our future. whatwhatProfessor Smart, many of your predictions made 30 years ago about our life in the future have mostly come true. People want to know more.

37、 There are many high school students here who are curious to know _ new predictions you will make about the future.whatDr. Smart: Society is developing fast and there will be many new things that will make our lives much more convenient, but at the same time many new problems will threaten the quali

38、ty of life. Whats important is not _ my predictions come true or not, but _ they help us make better decisions about our future. _ we live today will influence the future.whetherwhetherHowIV. 改錯(cuò)改錯(cuò)1). I want to know that what it is. I want to know what it is.2). I cant understand that the teacher sai

39、d. I cant understand what the teacher said.3). I dont know this is whose bike. I dont know whose bike this is.4). He asked me where was Mary. He asked me where Mary was .5). Do you remember how much did you pay for the book? Do you remember how much you paid for the book?1. _ a certain doubt among t

40、he people as to the practical value of the project. （09安徽）安徽）A. It has B. They have C. It remains D. There remains2. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _ it takes to save her life. （09湖南）湖南）A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whoeverDC3. The fact has worried many scientists _ the

41、 earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. （09江西）江西） A. what B. which C. that D. though4. Could I speak to _ is in charge of International Sales please? （09海南）海南）A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever5. The bow-to book can be of help to _ wants to do the job. (09陜西陜西)A. who B. whomever C. no matter who D. whoeverDCC6. One of the most important questions they had to consider was _ of public health.（09海南）海南） A. what B. this C. that D