精品文檔附 錄中英文翻譯1 介紹國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展最重要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)之一就是交通運(yùn)輸，但是中國(guó)修建鐵路、公路多為多山的地形，為克服各種自然或人工障礙必須要修建隧道。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，隧道建筑的技術(shù)正在日趨完善。特別地，深埋的，特長(zhǎng)的， 大跨度的隧道在很復(fù)雜的地質(zhì)情況下施工開(kāi)挖會(huì)遇到許多麻煩。因此，要找到解決這些麻煩的方法。 目前，預(yù)先進(jìn)行地質(zhì)學(xué)調(diào)查，選擇正確的施工方案和技術(shù)， 提高早期建筑用材質(zhì)量，加強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)回應(yīng)的監(jiān)控， 并進(jìn)行科學(xué)的管理，在施工中可以減少或避免意外事件的發(fā)生。此外，作為上面提到的方法之一，PGP在所有的隧道建筑和幾乎所有的地下工程中扮演了一個(gè)重要的角色。PGP技術(shù)的目的要通過(guò)探測(cè)距離工作面以前幾十米到上百米的地質(zhì)情況，預(yù)先做出及時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)。預(yù)報(bào)內(nèi)容包括工程地質(zhì)的情況和水文地質(zhì)的情況，如基本的地質(zhì)情況，巖石的質(zhì)量，圍巖等級(jí)。預(yù)報(bào)地質(zhì)破碎的地域和水文地質(zhì)的情況。為做出正確預(yù)報(bào)有三個(gè)主要的階段: 第一，挖掘前的地質(zhì)調(diào)查；第二， 挖掘期間的地質(zhì)調(diào)查；第三，分析有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)預(yù)知前面的地質(zhì)情況。2 地質(zhì)的調(diào)查方法2.1 隧道建筑前的地質(zhì)調(diào)查挖掘前地質(zhì)調(diào)查的目的要從工程地質(zhì)學(xué)的角度檢驗(yàn)挑選的隧道方案， 和為選擇方案提供工程地質(zhì)的材料。地質(zhì)調(diào)查基本的內(nèi)容要調(diào)查隧道開(kāi)挖經(jīng)過(guò)區(qū)域的工程地質(zhì)的情況和水文情況。也就是說(shuō)，了解整個(gè)區(qū)域的可以看到的地質(zhì)特征。2.2 隧道建筑期間的地質(zhì)調(diào)查它的目的要探究在隧道施工期間隧道內(nèi)外的地質(zhì)情況。內(nèi)容包括地質(zhì)的大致情況，結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)值統(tǒng)計(jì)，水文觀察，地質(zhì)變動(dòng)的調(diào)查等等。2.2.1 在隧道內(nèi)的地質(zhì)調(diào)查1) 地質(zhì)情況的草圖在工作面位置上的地質(zhì)草圖會(huì)很快作完。它包括很多主要內(nèi)容，像是圍巖性質(zhì)，壓碎區(qū)域，接縫，破裂帶，地下水等。地質(zhì)草圖不僅在野外是必須的而且在系統(tǒng)前也是必須的。地質(zhì)的草圖在隧道的開(kāi)鑿和建筑用材選取的情況下起很重要的作用。因此，為了要探究工作面的地質(zhì)情況， 使用數(shù)字儀器掃描工作面和邊墻尤為重要。2) 結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)值統(tǒng)計(jì)巖石結(jié)構(gòu)的數(shù)值統(tǒng)計(jì)是在發(fā)現(xiàn)周?chē)膸r石結(jié)構(gòu)的特性的基礎(chǔ)上分析穩(wěn)定性和預(yù)知向前的地質(zhì)情況。一般情況下，在一邊墻上選擇一個(gè)范圍從2m2m到5m2m的抽樣窗口。在抽樣窗口，每一結(jié)構(gòu)的各種參數(shù)包括位置，形態(tài)，輪廓長(zhǎng)度，粗糙程度，空穴，填充特征，地下水特性等等都要測(cè)量。同時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)經(jīng)由數(shù)字相片和構(gòu)造應(yīng)力聯(lián)合數(shù)值統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，每一主要部分都要分析研究，破碎區(qū)域可以用蒙地卡羅方法來(lái)進(jìn)行模擬。3) 聲波探測(cè)聲波探測(cè)的原理聲波在不同的巖石塊中傳播速度不同。因此巖石層的巖石和質(zhì)量的變化就可能通過(guò)傳播速度來(lái)確定。 一般的說(shuō)，聲波傳播的速度越快，說(shuō)明巖石的整體性和巖石的性質(zhì)越好。在挖掘期間，常在工作面上開(kāi)鑿小導(dǎo)洞來(lái)進(jìn)行聲波探測(cè)。在探測(cè)區(qū)域內(nèi)依照聲波的傳播速度和地質(zhì)情況草圖，周?chē)鷰r石的情況就可以預(yù)先了解分析。4) 水流觀察當(dāng)水涌入隧道內(nèi)時(shí)，要及時(shí)的觀察和測(cè)量流動(dòng)速度。此外，涌水大小的變化要及時(shí)分析。至于大量涌水，涌水速度要重點(diǎn)測(cè)量，進(jìn)行抽樣分析評(píng)估外表水對(duì)隧道建筑的影響，尤其在突然涌水的情況之下。藉著水流率的變化和水的性質(zhì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，水在隧道施工或者氣候變化時(shí)的涌入就可以確定。2.2.2 隧道外的地質(zhì)調(diào)查1) 工程地質(zhì)的調(diào)查依靠野外探察和先進(jìn)的探測(cè)儀器，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)地質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和它的紋理特性之間的關(guān)系， 而且可以推測(cè)出隱藏著的或不完全暴露的地質(zhì)情況。 為了要推測(cè)出對(duì)隧道的影響程度要找出沉陷區(qū)域和河谷形成的原因。 同時(shí)， 要發(fā)現(xiàn)壓碎地帶來(lái)確定缺點(diǎn)和隧道之間的關(guān)系。除此之外， 為了推測(cè)出不良地質(zhì)對(duì)隧道的影響，不良地質(zhì)的類型和范圍也要分析研究。2) 水文地質(zhì)調(diào)查依據(jù)地下水露出情況的調(diào)查，含水層，有浸透性的含水層和不能滲透的隔水層就可以確定，而且它們對(duì)隧道的影響也可以被確定。地下水和它的供應(yīng)，地下水的變動(dòng)，流率，流動(dòng)方向等等也需要調(diào)查。3 PGP的應(yīng)用PGP 的內(nèi)容主要地包括基本的地質(zhì)情況的預(yù)報(bào)，巖石性質(zhì)，壓碎區(qū)域， 水涌入隧道，塌方等等。 隧道開(kāi)挖災(zāi)害研究必然以地質(zhì)因素為其主要研究對(duì)象。本文以硬巖隧道開(kāi)挖工程區(qū)域巖體（石）的各向異性研究為起點(diǎn)，從不同類型斷層為主要構(gòu)造形跡的應(yīng)力分布特征出發(fā)，并結(jié)合隧道地下涌水災(zāi)害，系統(tǒng)研究隧道開(kāi)挖的地質(zhì)災(zāi)害類型，以宏觀表象、主控因素、災(zāi)害機(jī)制及防治對(duì)策為主要研究?jī)?nèi)容，全面深入研究旨在為隧道開(kāi)挖期間防災(zāi)、減災(zāi)提供理論基礎(chǔ)與技術(shù)路線。論文以原生型各向異性物質(zhì)特征為基礎(chǔ)，以巖體橫觀各向同性為假設(shè)條件，利用前人的理論研究結(jié)果，對(duì)于隧道開(kāi)挖在此類各向異性巖體中的破壞特征進(jìn)行了分析和總結(jié)，提出了不等強(qiáng)支護(hù)的策略技術(shù)。 本文針對(duì)不同性質(zhì)的斷層作用于隧道圍巖的不同災(zāi)害類型及力學(xué)機(jī)制，根據(jù)研究需要，將斷層分為正斷層、平移斷層與逆斷層三大類；從正斷層區(qū)域的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)出發(fā)，定義了正斷層區(qū)域節(jié)理巖體中隧道開(kāi)挖的災(zāi)害類型為結(jié)構(gòu)型破壞并對(duì)其進(jìn)行分類；利用塊體理論的思想方法研究隧道破壞過(guò)程，將巖塊向臨空面滑移分為三種形式：塌落、沿單面滑移和沿兩面滑移，并系統(tǒng)研究三種滑移的力學(xué)機(jī)制；隧道支護(hù)以工程巖體分類為基礎(chǔ)，提出隧道支護(hù)系統(tǒng)的建立：應(yīng)以主動(dòng)支護(hù)與被動(dòng)支護(hù)相結(jié)合為主導(dǎo)思想；在研究正斷層區(qū)域應(yīng)力分布以自重應(yīng)力為主應(yīng)力的基礎(chǔ)上，提出確定隧洞斷面形狀的“諧硐”原則，嘗試性地提出隧道工程開(kāi)挖災(zāi)害防治的工程應(yīng)用程式。在分析平移斷層的原巖應(yīng)力狀態(tài)特征的基礎(chǔ)上，討論斷層充填物中泥化夾層的形成機(jī)制與過(guò)程，系統(tǒng)研究泥化夾層的分布規(guī)律，及不同的巖性組合、夾層厚度、兩壁硬巖層起伏差與構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)泥化夾層分布的影響；從理論上深入研究泥化夾層中水膜面的成因及特殊的力學(xué)機(jī)制，水膜面的不連續(xù)系數(shù)Ka對(duì)水膜面力學(xué)性質(zhì)的影響；水膜面的形成使泥化夾層的強(qiáng)度降低了一個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)之多，當(dāng)水膜面消失后，泥化夾層抗剪強(qiáng)度又回復(fù)到其初始值：定義了隧道的災(zāi)害類型為應(yīng)變型破壞；給出了引起隧道變形災(zāi)害的凈荷載F公式。以地質(zhì)構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的研究現(xiàn)狀為前提，綜合研究大量的地質(zhì)資料，得出逆斷層區(qū)域地應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的變化規(guī)律：借助構(gòu)造應(yīng)力的概化手段，提出隧道工程區(qū)域構(gòu)造應(yīng)力概化的思路模型；對(duì)某地下工程區(qū)域進(jìn)行地應(yīng)力現(xiàn)場(chǎng)量測(cè)，編寫(xiě)了三維應(yīng)力量測(cè)應(yīng)用程序。逆斷層區(qū)域集中有較高的構(gòu)造應(yīng)力，從而使巖爆為其典型的災(zāi)害之一。本文根據(jù)人類地下工程的不同特點(diǎn)將巖爆分為6大類，逆斷層區(qū)域隧道巖爆列屬其中；建立斷層兩盤(pán)不同的巖性組合，即互層狀、互列狀與平行裂隙巖體的巖爆研究力學(xué)模型，規(guī)律性的研究為隧道巖爆的預(yù)測(cè)與防治提供了指導(dǎo)；文中結(jié)合巖爆預(yù)測(cè)核心內(nèi)容，做出易于操作的逆斷層區(qū)域隧道巖爆綜合預(yù)測(cè)的程式和方法。本文以唯象學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)建立雙孔變形滲流禍合模型，借助孔隙裂隙彈性理論，深入研究裂隙與孔隙之間的流體壓力與固體變形之間的藕合關(guān)系，研究裂隙與孔隙之間的流體流動(dòng)與雙孔壓差的關(guān)系；并結(jié)合Darcy定律研究雙孔的瞬時(shí)位移量和流體壓力隨時(shí)間的變化規(guī)律：滲透性控制著雙孔效應(yīng)。研究表明，孔隙基質(zhì)與裂隙之間因剛性差產(chǎn)生了一定的壓差，雙孔之間的流體轉(zhuǎn)換及其應(yīng)變效應(yīng)使這種壓差消失而達(dá)到一種新的平衡結(jié)構(gòu)，隧道開(kāi)挖破壞了這種平衡從而使雙孔中的流體在滲透與流動(dòng)過(guò)程中而涌入隧洞；據(jù)此本文研究了預(yù)測(cè)隧道涌水的理論與經(jīng)驗(yàn)解析法，并提出隧道涌水預(yù)測(cè)研究的工作程式。Applications of Pre-Geological Predictionin Tunnel Construction1 IntroductionDeveloping transportation is one of the most important infrastructural industries flourishing national economy. But China has a mountainous landform, where railway, highway, and so on are constructed. Tunnels have to be built in order to overcome several kinds of natural and artificial obstacles. With the development of science and technology, techniques of tunnel construction are becoming perfect, while difficulties encountered arise quickly. In particular, deep-buried, long, large-scale tunnels under highly complex conditions encounter lots of troubles during the excavation. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to deal with these troubles. At present, by adopting pre-geology survey and prediction, selecting a correct scheme and technique, enhancing earlier timbering means, strengthening feedback of monitoring information, and processing scientific management, events are decreased and avoided in excavation. Furthermore, as one of methods and techniques mentioned above, PGP is playing an important role in the construction of all tunnels and almost all underground works.The purpose of the technique of PGP is to predict forward geologic condition timely, by means of detecting forward geologic condition from a varying distance between dozens of meters to several hundreds of meters to working face. Prediction contents consist of engineering geologic condition and hydro geological condition such as basic geologic condition, quality of rock mass, sorts of surrounding rock, prediction of faults and crushed zones, prediction of water inflow, and prediction of collapse. Three main phases are needed in order to accomplish the prediction: firstly, geologic survey before excavation. secondly, geologic survey during excavation, and thirdly, analyzing correlative data and predicting forward geologic condition.2 Methods of Geologic Survey2.1 Geologic survey before tunnel constructionThe purposes of geologic survey before excavation are to demonstrate selected tunnel scheme in the field of engineering geology, and to provide engineering geologic material for determining tunneling scheme. The basic contents of the geologic survey are to find engineering geologic condition and hydro geological condition within tunnel region by means of exploration. That is to say, macroscopic characteristics of regional geology are realized by the geologic survey.2.2 Geologic survey during tunnel constructionIts purpose is to explore geologic condition inside or outside the tunnel during tunneling. The contents include geologic sketch, structural plane statistic, water inflow observation, surficial geologic survey, and so no.2.2.1 Geologic survey inside the tunnel1) Geologic sketchOn working face exposure, geologic sketch is done quickly. It mainly masters the contents such as lithologic character, faults and crushed zones, joints, fractures, groundwater, etc.It is required that geologic sketch is made not only in the field, but also before shotcrete system. This shows that geologic sketch is done under the condition of excavating and timbering of tunnels. Therefore, in order to explore geologic condition of working face, it is important to use a digital-camera to shoot the scene of the working face and the sidewall.2) Structural plane statisticStructural plane statistic of rock mass is to analyze the stability and to predict forward geologic condition on the basis of finding structural characteristics of surrounding rock.In general, a side wall is chosen as a sampling window, whose range is commonly from 2 m2 m to 5 m2 m. Within the sampling window, parameters including location, attitude, trace length, roughness, opening, filling character, groundwater property, and so on, of every structural plane is measured. Meanwhile, structural attitude are analyzed by means of both digital photos and joint statistic in tectonic stress field, perfect attitude of every main structural plane is obtained, and fractured network system is simulated by Monte Carlo Method.3) Sound wave detectionThe principle of sound wave detection is on basis of the fact that different rock mass has a different velocity of sonic propagation. Therefore, in the light of propagation velocity, quality index of rock mass and changes of rock layer can be determined. In general, the higher the velocity of sonic propagation is, the better the integrality is, and the better the quality of rock mass will be.In the course of excavation, shot holes of working face are used for sound wave detection. According to the velocity of the sound wave within detection length, linking with the results of geologic sketch, the condition of the surrounding rock can be evaluated and predicted.4) Water inflow observationAs for water inflow into tunnels, the flow rate is measured timely besides general observation. Furthermore, variation of the flow rate needs to be analyzed timely. As for water inflow with greater volume, the flow rate is measured with emphases, and its sampling is analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of surface water on tunnel construction, especially under the condition of precipitation seepage .By water quality testing and variation of flow rate, water inflow into tunnels due to tunneling or climatic change can be determined.2.2.2 Geologic survey outside tunnels1) Engineering geologic surveyBy field exploration and by means of advanced detecting instrument, relationship between geologic structure and its lithologic character can be found out, and hidden or incompletely exposed geologic condition can be deduced. Cause of formation within pit regions and river-valley is found out in order to deduce influencing degree on tunnels. At the same time, fault and crushed zones are discovered to determine relationship between faults and tunnels. In addition, ill geologic types and ranges need to be found out for the sake of deducing its effects on tunnels.2) Hydro geological surveyBy investigating diaclase and groundwater outcrop, regions of aquifer, permeable aquifer, and impermeable layer can be determined, and their influences on tunnels can also be ascertained. Groundwater and its supplying, fluctuation of groundwater,flow rate, direction of flowing water, and so on need to be found out.3 Applications of PGPThe contents of PGP mainly include prediction of basic geologic condition, rock mass quality, faults and crush zones, water inflow into tunnels, collapse, and so on.Geological condition is the important factors in study on tunnel excavating disaster inevitably. From the aeolotropy of hard rock of tunnel engineering region, the stress distribution of several kinds of fault to the water gushing of tunnel, the type of geology disaster involved in macrocharacter, main control factors, disaster mechanism and control strategy in tunnel excavating are studied systematically in this thesis. The purpose is to establish a theory and technology method for forecast and decrease disaster in tunnel excavating.Based on the primacy aeolotropy rock, transversely isotropic rocks is hypothesized. With the theory of the stress distribution of the rockmass, disaster character of tunnel excavating in the type of transversely isotropic rocks is analyzed, and some strategy and technology of uniso-intensity support are raisedAccording to different types of disaster and mechanism of around rock mass under different faults, for study necessary, faults may be classified as three types, down fault, shift fault and reverse fault. From the stress status of down fault region, the type of disaster of tunnel excavating in jointed rock mass is defined as structural disaster. By means of the Block Theory, the tunnel destroy process can be studied, in which the block slip to spacing of tunnel can be described as three types: collapse, slip along single plane and slip along two planes, additionally the mechanics theory of these types of slip is studied systematically. On the basis of engineering rock mass classifications, the support system is advanced that the active support and passive one may be combined. In the light of the law that gravity stress is the main stress in the down fault region, the Homo-tunnel principle is designed for section of tunnel. Furthermore, engineering application program is pose for control tunnel hazards.With the stress distribution of shift fault, the intercalated clay layer in the fault forming process and mechanism are discussed. Meanwhile, the intercalated clay layer distribution regular and some affecting factors, such as different rock combination, thickness of intercalated clay layer, the difference of rise-fall in hard rock of two stiffs, structural movement and so on, are studied systematically. The cause of forming water film and special mechanism is researched in depth on theory. It is obvious that the un-continuous coefficient Ka affected mechanics properties greatly, and the water film make the strength of intercalated clay layer decrease more than one magnitude order. However, when the film disappear, the shear strength resumed to the initial value. The type of tunnel disaster is defined as strain lazards. Additionally, the net load F is gotten for forecasting the deform disaster of tunnel.For the purpose of getting the ground stress law in reverse fault region, it is very useful and important to use the study status of structure stress field as premise, moreover, a great quantity geology material can be synthesized to research the law. By means of the generalization of structure stress, the study model for structure stress generalization in tunnel engineering region is advanced. Additionally, author measured structure stress in a underground rock mass engineering region, and write 3D stress measure application program. The conclusion may be get that in the reverse fault region, the structure stress is high, as for hard rocks, rockburst is a typical geology disaster. Then rockburst is classified as six types according to the different character of underground engineering, besides the tunnel rockburst in reverse fault region. The rockburst mechanics model of different roc