1、What differences are there in the way in which individual learners acquire a second language?,Age Language aptitude Learning styles Motivation Personality sex Social factors:Social class Affective states: Anxiety,general factors,Age,what do you think of bilinggual kindergartens? Can they benefit chi

2、ldrens SLA? Children vs. teenager vs.adults(pronunciation/ rate/grammmar) Critical period hypothesis (pronunciation/ grammar) 1.學(xué)習(xí)外語的開始年齡并不在很大程度上影響習(xí)得的程序，任何年齡開始學(xué)習(xí)一門外語都有可能獲得成功。 2.學(xué)習(xí)外語的起始年齡較明顯地影響習(xí)得的速度和效率。在語法、詞義和詞匯方面，少年比兒童和成年人表現(xiàn)得更為出色（如果學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間相同） 3.學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短影響習(xí)得的成功程度，而學(xué)習(xí)起始年齡對(duì)將達(dá)到的精密程度起著決定作用，尤其是語音方面。（束定芳，莊智象） 4

3、.劉潤(rùn)清認(rèn)為外語學(xué)習(xí)的最佳開始年齡并非越早越好，而是大約在九歲左右。,Language aptitude,1. phonimic coding-encoding 語音編碼解碼能力 2.grammar sencitivity 語法敏感性 3. language analytic ability 歸納性語言學(xué)習(xí)能力 4. memory 聯(lián)想記憶能力,Language aptitude,1. phonimic coding-encoding 語音編碼解碼能力 2.grammar sencitivity 語法敏感性 3. language analytic ability 歸納性語言學(xué)習(xí)能力 4. m

4、emory 聯(lián)想記憶能力,Learning styles,Field dependence/ Field independence origin Reflectivity/ impulsivity 審慎/沖動(dòng) Visual/auditory/kinaesthetic/tactile Holistic/analytic .,children vs. Adolescents/adults Males vs. Females Object-oriented jobs vs. People-oriented jobs Urban,technological societies vs. Rural,ag

5、rairan societies Rigid social structures vs. Free social structures Group-centred people vs. Individualistic people,Motivation,Intrinsic /extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation derives from interest. Extrinsic motivation emphasizes external rewards or punishements. Intrinsic motivation:long-term

6、success Extrinsic motivation: short-term success,Integrative/instrumental motivation Integrative motivation involves a sincere and personal interest in the people and culture represented by the other language group. Instrumental motivation concerns the practical value and advantages of learning a ne

7、w language.,Resultative motivation:result of positive learning experiences. Machiavellian motivation: motivated to learn because of negative attitude towards the target language community. In this case, negative feelings may lead to a desire to manipulate and overcome the people of the target langua

8、ge.,Personality,Introvert / extrovert CALP(Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency ):formal academic learning BICS(Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills ):language skills needed in social situations -Jim Cummins,sex,verbal fluency. memorizing complex forms. computing compositional rules.,sex,Wome

9、n outperform men on verbal fluency. Women better at memorizing complex forms. Men better at computing compositional rules.,Social factors:,Social class: middle vs. working class CALP(Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency ):formal academic learning BICS(Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills ):la

10、nguage skills needed in social situations,Affective states,Secure anxiety,Anxiety,Trait anxiety氣質(zhì)型: a more permanent predisposition to be anxious,perhaps best viewed as an aspect of personality. State anxiety狀態(tài)型:apprehension that is experienced at a particular moment in time as a response to a defin

11、ite situation. It is a combination of trait and situation-specific anxiety. Situation-specific anxiety: aroused by a specific type of situation or event such as public speaking, examinations, or class participation.,Foreign Language Anxiety: communication apprehension;fear of negative evaluation; te

12、sts,What causes state or situation anxiety?,I was quite frightened when asked questions again. I dont know why; the teacher does not frighten me, but my mind is blocked when Im asked questions. I fear lest I give the wrong answer and will discourage the teacher as well as be the laughing stock of the class maybe. Anyway, I felt really stupid and helpless in class.,Face, Competitiveness,What effects does anxiety have on learning?,Facilitating anxiety:motivate the learners to fight the new learning task, prompting them