第7講體裁微解——說(shuō)明文說(shuō)明文通常是通過(guò)舉例子、作比較、分類別、析結(jié)果、列數(shù)字和作引用等手段，具體描述一項(xiàng)研究或者介紹一項(xiàng)新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)，讓讀者了解信息，說(shuō)明文通常不包含作者的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。主要具有以下特點(diǎn)：選材實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品介紹、場(chǎng)館介紹、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象分析以及語(yǔ)言文化、人文地理、生物的生存狀況等。內(nèi)容用平實(shí)的語(yǔ)言客觀解說(shuō)事物、解釋現(xiàn)象、提供信息，即說(shuō)明一個(gè)事物，說(shuō)明一項(xiàng)研究。形式總分式(事物說(shuō)明文常用“總—分”式、“總—分—總”式結(jié)構(gòu))；遞進(jìn)式(事理說(shuō)明文由淺入深、由表及里、由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，逐層遞進(jìn)，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分內(nèi)容沒(méi)有主次輕重之分)；對(duì)照式(通過(guò)兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)照和比較說(shuō)明其異同)。語(yǔ)言主要考查考生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握和運(yùn)用情況。說(shuō)明文因其生僻詞匯多、句式復(fù)雜等特點(diǎn)，相對(duì)于其他體裁的文章來(lái)說(shuō)難度更大。命題主要集中在細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題或詞義猜測(cè)題。出題人經(jīng)常在長(zhǎng)難句上做文章。說(shuō)明文閱讀量大，生僻詞匯多，句式結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，題目往往涉及推理判斷題和主旨大意題。因此，閱讀這類文章時(shí)，應(yīng)把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清作者所要說(shuō)明的事物；另外，考生在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)多積累閱讀詞匯，提高分析長(zhǎng)難句的能力。具體答題策略如下：策略指導(dǎo)技法解讀抓首尾段首段往往提出說(shuō)明文的主題，尤其是研究類說(shuō)明文，研究結(jié)果就是主題；尾段往往重申強(qiáng)調(diào)主題。梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)整體敘述＋細(xì)節(jié)或過(guò)程說(shuō)明＋概括評(píng)述；現(xiàn)象＋原因＋后果/啟示/措施；研究發(fā)現(xiàn)/調(diào)查結(jié)果＋研究/調(diào)查過(guò)程。破解長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和所學(xué)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)破解結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的長(zhǎng)難句。(2022·新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ·B)Likemostofus，Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad，roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed，thearugulawentbad.Evenworse，Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry，“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain，”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater，fuel，andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact，Roytewrites，“iffoodwastewereacountry，itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand，let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim，it’smorelike12boxesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington，D.C.，whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries？Volunteerswillwash，cut，andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious，yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste，whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat，”Curtinsays.24．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.25．Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetext?A．Moraldecline.B．Environmentalharm.C．Energyshortage.D．Worldwidestarvation.26．WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A．Itproduceskitchenequipment.B．Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C．Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D．Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.27．WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A．Buyonlywhatisneeded.B．Reducefoodconsumption.C．Goshoppingonceaweek.D．Eatinrestaurantslessoften.A(2022·安徽江南十校一模聯(lián)考)Foodmadefromatmosphericcarboncouldfeedtheworldwhilehelpingtofightclimatechange，accordingtoSolarFoods，aFinnishcompanyfoundedin2017.“WecancollectCO2anywhere，”saiditsCEOPasiVainika，whosecompanyhasdevelopedaproteinpowdermadeusingCO2.“That’sastrategicshiftwhererawmaterialsareintheair.”Theproteinpowder，calledSolein，canbeturnedintomeatanddairysubstitutesoraddedtofoodsandshakes.SolarFoodsusesspecialunitstopullCO2fromtheatmosphere.Toturnitintoprotein，microbes(微生物)，similartothoseintheproductionofwineandyogurt，willbefedonittogrowandreproduce.Duringtheprocess，waterissplitintohydrogenandoxygen.Alongwithagrowthmediumcontainingnecessaryminerals，thethreegasesarepumpedintofeedthemicrobes.Harvestedanddried，thatremainingmixturebecomesSolein—ayellowpowdermadeupofsingle-cellprotein，withanutrientcompositionsimilartowheatflour.SolarFoodsclaimsthatSoleinremovesmostoftheemissionsassociatedwithmodernagriculture，whichisresponsibleforalmostone-thirdofallgreenhousegasemissions.“OnekilogramofSoleinsendsout0.2kilogramofCO2e(二氧化碳當(dāng)量)．Incomparison，beefherdsproducearound100kilogramsandchicken10kilograms，”saidVainikka.“Wecanremovetheclimateimpactofmodernfoodsystemsontheplanet，whichtodayaccountforabout30percentofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.”Hefurtherstressedthatwhilethecompany’sfactoriesalsorequiresomelandusedforindustrialfarming，onlyaboutone-tenthofthelandisneededcomparedtophotosynthesis(光合作用)．“Wecouldfreeupagriculturallandtogrowbackforests，”headded，“andthoseremovecarbonpermanentlyfromtheatmosphere.”ProbablyoptimistsarenowcontentingthemselveswiththepleasantsceneofmassesoftreesabsorbingCO2ontheplanet.However，whilethatmaysoundgreat，Vainikkaputsitright，“ItcanhappenonlyifweproduceenoughSoleinfromCO2toreplacemeatanddairyatalargescale.”Andthatstillremainsalongwaytogo.1．WhatcanwesayaboutSolein?A．Itisintheair.B．Itcanbechangedintomeat.C．ItcantakeinCO2.D．Itisgoodfortheenvironment.2．WhatareneededtoproduceSoleinaccordingtoparagraph2?A．Wineandwater.B．Waterandminerals.C．Microbesandyogurt.D．Wineandmicrobes.3．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellusaboutSolein?A．Itspresentsituation.B．Itspossiblebenefits.C．Itsproductionprocess.D．Itspotentialdrawbacks.4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．AirProteinProduced，CO2ReducedB．CollectingAir，RemovingCO2C．ClimateChanging，DangerComingD．ProtectEarth，SaveOurselvesBCallingvegetablesandfruits“ugly”canbearecipeforsalessuccess，accordingtoanewstudy.AFrenchsupermarketchainmadeinternationalheadlineswhenitbeganmarketingmisshapenproduceas“ugly”in2014.Sincethen，foodstoresaroundtheworldhavelaunchedcampaignstosell“imperfectproduce”．Somehavebeensuccessful，whileothershaven’t—butuntilnow，researchershadn’tadequatelyexplainedwhyconsumersrejectedimperfectproduce，orwhatmarketingapproachwasmostlikelytowhet_their_appetites.Theresearchersconductedsevenstudiesthattestedtheeffectsof“ugly”labelingbyhavingparticipantspurchaseproduceatafarmer’smarketandonline，andbyexaminingpeople’simpressionsaboutmisshapenfoods.Interestingly，theyfoundthatconsumersexpectedtheimperfectproducetobelesstastyandevenlessnutritiousthanmoretraditionallyattractivefoods.Butit’snotallbadnewsforunattractivefoods.Theresearchersalsofoundthatwhentheproduceislabeled“ugly”，consumerhesitancydisappears—andit’snotbecauseofhumorororiginality.Callingitems“ugly”signalstoconsumersthattheonlydifferencebetweenitemsisappearance，whichmakesthemawareoftheirbias(偏見(jiàn))andsignificantlyincreasestheirwillingnesstobuythelessattractiveproduce.“We’repointingtothesourceoftherejection，”explainsJohnMeredith，theleadresearcher.“Itmakespeopleawareofthelimitednatureoftheirobjectiontotheunattractiveproduceandmakesitcleartoconsumersthattherearenootherproblemsintheproduceotherthanattractiveness.”Theresearchalsofoundconsumersspentmoreonthemisshapenproducelabeled“ugly”insteadof“imperfect”．Andeventhoughtheuglyproducewassoldata25percentdiscount，itturnedouttobemoreprofitableforsellers，asthecostofacquiringtheuglyproducewaslower.However，ifthepricereductionwastoosharp，participantsexpectedthe“ugly”foodstobeoflowqu