2025年托?？荚囬喿x真題模擬模擬試卷：哲學(xué)思想碰撞考試時間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______一、選詞填空要求：仔細(xì)閱讀下面的文章，根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，在每個空白處填入一個最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。文章后面提供了六個單詞選項，每個選項只會被使用一次。請將選定的單詞填寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)的位置。文章：Thephilosophicallandscapeofthe17thcenturywasavibranttapestryofideas,markedbytheclashbetweentraditionalscholasticismandtheburgeoningscientificrevolution.ThinkerslikeRenéDescartes,BaruchSpinoza,andGottfriedWilhelmLeibnizemergedaspivotalfigures,eachcontributinguniquelytothediscourseonmetaphysics,epistemology,andthenatureofreality.Descartes,oftenhailedasthefatherofmodernphilosophy,proposedthefamousdictum"Cogito,ergosum"("Ithink,thereforeIam"),establishingthefoundationofrationalism.Hiswork,particularlyinthe*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*,challengedtheprevailingAristotelianviewsandemphasizedtheroleofdoubtasatoolforacquiringcertainty.Spinoza,ontheotherhand,developedamonisticsysteminhis*Ethics*,arguingthatGodandnatureareoneandthesame.Hisrigorous,geometricapproachtophilosophy,akintothatofEuclideanmathematics,aimedtoprovideaclearanddistinctunderstandingoftheuniverse.Leibniz,knownforhisinventionofcalculusandhisprincipleofsufficientreason,proposedthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andthattheuniverseisgovernedbyapre-establishedharmony.Thesethreethinkers,thoughdistinctintheirmethodologies,sharedacommongoal:tounravelthemysteriesofexistenceandtoprovideacoherentframeworkforunderstandingtheworld.選項：1.methodology2.discourse3.scholasticism4.metaphysics5.rationalism6.monism二、段落匹配要求：下面的段落分別對應(yīng)文章中的特定部分。請根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，將每個段落與文章中對應(yīng)的段落進(jìn)行匹配。將對應(yīng)的段落號填寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)的位置。段落：1.The17thcenturyphilosophicalscenewascharacterizedbyadynamicinterplaybetweentraditionalandmodernthought,withfigureslikeDescartes,Spinoza,andLeibnizleadingtheway.2.Descartes'emphasisondoubtandhisfamousdictum"Cogito,ergosum"playedacrucialroleinshapingmodernphilosophy.3.Spinoza'smonisticsystemandhisgeometricapproachtophilosophywererevolutionaryintheirtime.4.Leibniz'sprincipleofsufficientreasonandhiscontributionstocalculushighlighthisinnovativethinking.5.Thesharedgoalofthesethinkerswastoprovideacoherentunderstandingoftheuniverse.6.Theclashbetweenscholasticismandthescientificrevolutionsetthestagefortheemergenceofmodernphilosophicalthought.文章：Thephilosophicallandscapeofthe17thcenturywasavibranttapestryofideas,markedbytheclashbetweentraditionalscholasticismandtheburgeoningscientificrevolution.ThinkerslikeRenéDescartes,BaruchSpinoza,andGottfriedWilhelmLeibnizemergedaspivotalfigures,eachcontributinguniquelytothediscourseonmetaphysics,epistemology,andthenatureofreality.Descartes,oftenhailedasthefatherofmodernphilosophy,proposedthefamousdictum"Cogito,ergosum"("Ithink,thereforeIam"),establishingthefoundationofrationalism.Hiswork,particularlyinthe*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*,challengedtheprevailingAristotelianviewsandemphasizedtheroleofdoubtasatoolforacquiringcertainty.Spinoza,ontheotherhand,developedamonisticsysteminhis*Ethics*,arguingthatGodandnatureareoneandthesame.Hisrigorous,geometricapproachtophilosophy,akintothatofEuclideanmathematics,aimedtoprovideaclearanddistinctunderstandingoftheuniverse.Leibniz,knownforhisinventionofcalculusandhisprincipleofsufficientreason,proposedthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andthattheuniverseisgovernedbyapre-establishedharmony.Thesethreethinkers,thoughdistinctintheirmethodologies,sharedacommongoal:tounravelthemysteriesofexistenceandtoprovideacoherentframeworkforunderstandingtheworld.三、句子簡化要求：下面的句子都包含一個或多個子句。請將其簡化為最簡潔的句子，保留句子的核心意思。將簡化后的句子填寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)的位置。1.ThephilosophicalideasproposedbyRenéDescartesduringthe17thcentury,whichareoftenconsideredfoundationaltomodernrationalism,fundamentallychallengedthetraditionalAristotelianviewsthathaddominatedWesternthoughtforcenturiesbyemphasizingtheimportanceofdoubtandtheindividual'scapacityforreason.簡化后的句子：Descartes'rationalismchallengedtraditionalthoughtthroughtheemphasisondoubt.2.BaruchSpinoza's*Ethics*,whichiswritteninastrictgeometricalformatsimilartoEuclideanmathematicsandpresentsamonisticsystemwhereGodandnatureareconsideredidentical,offeredauniqueandhighlyinfluentialperspectiveonmetaphysicsthataimedtoprovideaclearanddistinctunderstandingoftheuniverse.簡化后的句子：Spinoza's*Ethics*offersamonisticperspectiveonmetaphysics.3.GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,whoisrenownedforhissignificantcontributionstobothphilosophyandmathematics,particularlyforformulatingtheprincipleofsufficientreasonwhichpositsthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andforinventingcalculus,proposedthattheuniverseoperatesaccordingtoapre-establishedharmonyamongitsvariouselements.簡化后的句子：Leibnizproposedauniversegovernedbypre-establishedharmony.4.Theclashbetweentheburgeoningscientificrevolutionandtraditionalscholasticism,whichcreatedafertilegroundfortheemergenceofnewphilosophicalideas,wasadefiningcharacteristicofthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscapeinEurope.簡化后的句子：Theclashbetweenthescientificrevolutionandscholasticismdefinedthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscape.5.RenéDescartes,inhisseminalwork*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*,exploredthenatureofhumanexistenceandknowledge,employingamethodofsystematicdoubttoestablishcertainty,whichhadaprofoundimpactonsubsequentphilosophicalthoughtandhelpedlaythegroundworkformodernphilosophy.簡化后的句子：Descartesestablishedcertaintythroughsystematicdoubtin*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*.四、多項選擇要求：下面的句子中都有劃線部分，每個劃線部分都有四個選項。請根據(jù)句子內(nèi)容和劃線部分的意思，選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項。將選項的代表字母填寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)的位置。1.ThephilosophicalideasproposedbyRenéDescartesduringthe17thcentury,whichareoftenconsideredfoundationaltomodernrationalism,fundamentallychallengedthetraditionalAristotelianviewsthathaddominatedWesternthoughtforcenturiesbyemphasizingtheimportanceofdoubtandtheindividual'scapacityforreason.a.RenéDescartes'rationalismchallengedtraditionalthoughtthroughtheemphasisondoubt.b.RenéDescartes'rationalismchallengedtraditionalthoughtthroughtheemphasisonreason.c.Theemphasisondoubtandreasonchallengedtraditionalthought.d.Traditionalthoughtwaschallengedbytheemphasisondoubtandreason.2.BaruchSpinoza's*Ethics*,whichiswritteninastrictgeometricalformatsimilartoEuclideanmathematicsandpresentsamonisticsystemwhereGodandnatureareconsideredidentical,offeredauniqueandhighlyinfluentialperspectiveonmetaphysicsthataimedtoprovideaclearanddistinctunderstandingoftheuniverse.a.Spinoza's*Ethics*offersamonisticperspectiveonmetaphysics.b.Spinoza's*Ethics*offersauniqueperspectiveonmetaphysics.c.Spinoza's*Ethics*providesaclearunderstandingoftheuniverse.d.Spinoza's*Ethics*ishighlyinfluentialonmetaphysics.3.GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,whoisrenownedforhissignificantcontributionstobothphilosophyandmathematics,particularlyforformulatingtheprincipleofsufficientreasonwhichpositsthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andforinventingcalculus,proposedthattheuniverseoperatesaccordingtoapre-establishedharmonyamongitsvariouselements.a.Leibnizproposedauniversegovernedbypre-establishedharmony.b.Leibnizproposedauniversewithdistinctcauses.c.Leibniz'scontributionsweresignificantinbothphilosophyandmathematics.d.Leibnizinventedcalculusandproposedauniversegovernedbyharmony.4.Theclashbetweentheburgeoningscientificrevolutionandtraditionalscholasticism,whichcreatedafertilegroundfortheemergenceofnewphilosophicalideas,wasadefiningcharacteristicofthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscapeinEurope.a.Theclashbetweenthescientificrevolutionandscholasticismdefinedthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscape.b.Thescientificrevolutionandscholasticismdefinedthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscape.c.Theclashcreatedafertilegroundfornewphilosophicalideas.d.Thescientificrevolutionandscholasticismcreatedafertilegroundfornewideas.5.RenéDescartes,inhisseminalwork*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*,exploredthenatureofhumanexistenceandknowledge,employingamethodofsystematicdoubttoestablishcertainty,whichhadaprofoundimpactonsubsequentphilosophicalthoughtandhelpedlaythegroundworkformodernphilosophy.a.Descartesestablishedcertaintythroughsystematicdoubtin*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*.b.Descartesexploredthenatureofhumanexistencein*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*.c.Descartesemployedsystematicdoubttoestablishcertainty.d.*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*hadaprofoundimpactonsubsequentphilosophicalthought.五、完成句子要求：下面的句子都不完整，請根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，將句子補(bǔ)充完整。將補(bǔ)充后的句子填寫在答題卡上相應(yīng)的位置。1.RenéDescartes,oftenhailedasthefatherofmodernphilosophy,proposedthefamousdictum"Cogito,ergosum"("Ithink,thereforeIam"),establishingthefoundationof_______.2.BaruchSpinoza's*Ethics*,writteninastrictgeometricalformatsimilartoEuclideanmathematics,presentsamonisticsystemwhereGodandnatureareconsidered_______.3.GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,knownforhisinventionofcalculusandhisprincipleofsufficientreason,proposedthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andthattheuniverseisgovernedby_______.4.Thephilosophicallandscapeofthe17thcenturywasavibranttapestryofideas,markedbytheclashbetweentraditionalscholasticismandtheburgeoningscientificrevolution,settingthestagefortheemergenceofmodernphilosophicalthought.5.Thesethreethinkers,thoughdistinctintheirmethodologies,sharedacommongoal:tounravelthemysteriesofexistenceandtoprovideacoherentframeworkforunderstandingtheuniverse,whichreflectstheirdeepcommitmenttophilosophicalinquiryandthepursuitofknowledge.本次試卷答案如下一、選詞填空答案：1.methodology2.discourse3.scholasticism4.metaphysics5.rationalism6.monism解析：1.methodology：根據(jù)文章第一句“Thephilosophicallandscapeofthe17thcenturywasavibranttapestryofideas,markedbytheclashbetweentraditionalscholasticismandtheburgeoningscientificrevolution.”可知，這里描述的是17世紀(jì)哲學(xué)思想的碰撞，其中傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)院哲學(xué)與新興科學(xué)革命之間的沖突是重點(diǎn)。因此，這里應(yīng)該填入“方法論”，因?yàn)槲恼潞竺嫣岬搅薉escartes、Spinoza和Leibniz這三位哲學(xué)家的方法論。2.discourse：根據(jù)文章第二句“ThinkerslikeRenéDescartes,BaruchSpinoza,andGottfriedWilhelmLeibnizemergedaspivotalfigures,eachcontributinguniquelytothediscourseonmetaphysics,epistemology,andthenatureofreality.”可知，這里描述的是這三位思想家對形而上學(xué)、認(rèn)識論和現(xiàn)實(shí)本質(zhì)的討論。因此，這里應(yīng)該填入“討論”，因?yàn)槲恼潞竺嫣岬搅怂麄儗@些問題的不同看法。3.scholasticism：根據(jù)文章第一句“Thephilosophicallandscapeofthe17thcenturywasavibranttapestryofideas,markedbytheclashbetweentraditionalscholasticismandtheburgeoningscientificrevolution.”可知，這里描述的是17世紀(jì)哲學(xué)思想的碰撞，其中傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)院哲學(xué)與新興科學(xué)革命之間的沖突是重點(diǎn)。因此，這里應(yīng)該填入“經(jīng)院哲學(xué)”，因?yàn)槲恼潞竺嫣岬搅薉escartes、Spinoza和Leibniz這三位哲學(xué)家的思想與經(jīng)院哲學(xué)的對比。4.metaphysics：根據(jù)文章第二句“ThinkerslikeRenéDescartes,BaruchSpinoza,andGottfriedWilhelmLeibnizemergedaspivotalfigures,eachcontributinguniquelytothediscourseonmetaphysics,epistemology,andthenatureofreality.”可知，這里描述的是這三位思想家對形而上學(xué)、認(rèn)識論和現(xiàn)實(shí)本質(zhì)的討論。因此，這里應(yīng)該填入“形而上學(xué)”，因?yàn)槲恼潞竺嫣岬搅怂麄儗@些問題的不同看法。5.rationalism：根據(jù)文章第三句“Descartes,oftenhailedasthefatherofmodernphilosophy,proposedthefamousdictum'Cogito,ergosum'('Ithink,thereforeIam'),establishingthefoundationofrationalism.”可知，這里描述的是Descartes提出的著名論斷“我思故我在”，奠定了理性主義的基礎(chǔ)。因此，這里應(yīng)該填入“理性主義”，因?yàn)槲恼潞竺嫣岬搅薉escartes的思想對理性主義的影響。6.monism：根據(jù)文章第四句“Spinoza,ontheotherhand,developedamonisticsysteminhis*Ethics*,arguingthatGodandnatureareoneandthesame.”可知，這里描述的是Spinoza在他的《倫理學(xué)》中發(fā)展了一種一元論體系，認(rèn)為上帝和自然是一體的。因此，這里應(yīng)該填入“一元論”，因?yàn)槲恼潞竺嫣岬搅薙pinoza的思想對一元論的影響。二、段落匹配答案：1.d2.b3.c4.a5.e6.f解析：1.d：段落1“The17thcenturyphilosophicalscenewascharacterizedbyadynamicinterplaybetweentraditionalandmodernthought,withfigureslikeDescartes,Spinoza,andLeibnizleadingtheway.”與文章最后一句“Thesethreethinkers,thoughdistinctintheirmethodologies,sharedacommongoal:tounravelthemysteriesofexistenceandtoprovideacoherentframeworkforunderstandingtheuniverse.”相匹配，因?yàn)槎温?提到了17世紀(jì)哲學(xué)思想的碰撞，以及Descartes、Spinoza和Leibniz這三位哲學(xué)家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作用，這與文章最后一句的內(nèi)容相一致。2.b：段落2“ThephilosophicalideasproposedbyRenéDescartesduringthe17thcentury,whichareoftenconsideredfoundationaltomodernrationalism,fundamentallychallengedthetraditionalAristotelianviewsthathaddominatedWesternthoughtforcenturiesbyemphasizingtheimportanceofdoubtandtheindividual'scapacityforreason.”與文章第二段第一句“Descartes,oftenhailedasthefatherofmodernphilosophy,proposedthefamousdictum'Cogito,ergosum'('Ithink,thereforeIam'),establishingthefoundationofrationalism.”相匹配，因?yàn)槎温?提到了Descartes的哲學(xué)思想對現(xiàn)代理性主義的基礎(chǔ)，以及他對傳統(tǒng)亞里士多德觀點(diǎn)的挑戰(zhàn)，這與文章第二段第一句的內(nèi)容相一致。3.c：段落3“BaruchSpinoza's*Ethics*,whichiswritteninastrictgeometricalformatsimilartoEuclideanmathematicsandpresentsamonisticsystemwhereGodandnatureareconsideredidentical,offeredauniqueandhighlyinfluentialperspectiveonmetaphysicsthataimedtoprovideaclearanddistinctunderstandingoftheuniverse.”與文章第三段第二句“Spinoza,ontheotherhand,developedamonisticsysteminhis*Ethics*,arguingthatGodandnatureareoneandthesame.”相匹配，因?yàn)槎温?提到了Spinoza的《倫理學(xué)》中的幾何格式和一元論體系，這與文章第三段第二句的內(nèi)容相一致。4.a：段落4“GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,whoisrenownedforhissignificantcontributionstobothphilosophyandmathematics,particularlyforformulatingtheprincipleofsufficientreasonwhichpositsthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andforinventingcalculus,proposedthattheuniverseoperatesaccordingtoapre-establishedharmonyamongitsvariouselements.”與文章第四段第一句“GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,knownforhisinventionofcalculusandhisprincipleofsufficientreason,proposedthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andthattheuniverseisgovernedbyapre-establishedharmony.”相匹配，因?yàn)槎温?提到了Leibniz在哲學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)上的貢獻(xiàn)，以及他對宇宙和諧的觀點(diǎn)，這與文章第四段第一句的內(nèi)容相一致。5.e：段落5“Thesharedgoalofthesethinkerswastoprovideacoherentunderstandingoftheuniverse.”與文章最后一句“Thesethreethinkers,thoughdistinctintheirmethodologies,sharedacommongoal:tounravelthemysteriesofexistenceandtoprovideacoherentframeworkforunderstandingtheuniverse.”相匹配，因?yàn)槎温?提到了這三位哲學(xué)家的共同目標(biāo)，即對宇宙的統(tǒng)一理解，這與文章最后一句的內(nèi)容相一致。6.f：段落6“Theclashbetweenscholasticismandthescientificrevolutionsetthestagefortheemergenceofmodernphilosophicalthought.”與文章第一句“Thephilosophicallandscapeofthe17thcenturywasavibranttapestryofideas,markedbytheclashbetweentraditionalscholasticismandtheburgeoningscientificrevolution.”相匹配，因?yàn)槎温?提到了經(jīng)院哲學(xué)與科學(xué)革命之間的沖突，以及現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)思想的興起，這與文章第一句的內(nèi)容相一致。三、句子簡化答案：1.Descartes'rationalismchallengedtraditionalthoughtthroughtheemphasisondoubt.2.Spinoza's*Ethics*offersamonisticperspectiveonmetaphysics.3.Leibnizproposedauniversegovernedbypre-establishedharmony.4.Theclashbetweenthescientificrevolutionandscholasticismdefinedthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscape.5.Descartesestablishedcertaintythroughsystematicdoubtin*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*.解析：1.原句“ThephilosophicalideasproposedbyRenéDescartesduringthe17thcentury,whichareoftenconsideredfoundationaltomodernrationalism,fundamentallychallengedthetraditionalAristotelianviewsthathaddominatedWesternthoughtforcenturiesbyemphasizingtheimportanceofdoubtandtheindividual'scapacityforreason.”簡化后為“Descartes'rationalismchallengedtraditionalthoughtthroughtheemphasisondoubt.”，保留了原句的核心意思，即Descartes的理性主義通過強(qiáng)調(diào)懷疑的重要性挑戰(zhàn)了傳統(tǒng)亞里士多德觀點(diǎn)。2.原句“BaruchSpinoza's*Ethics*,whichiswritteninastrictgeometricalformatsimilartoEuclideanmathematicsandpresentsamonisticsystemwhereGodandnatureareconsideredidentical,offeredauniqueandhighlyinfluentialperspectiveonmetaphysicsthataimedtoprovideaclearanddistinctunderstandingoftheuniverse.”簡化后為“Spinoza's*Ethics*offersamonisticperspectiveonmetaphysics.”，保留了原句的核心意思，即Spinoza的《倫理學(xué)》提供了一種一元論的觀點(diǎn)。3.原句“GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,whoisrenownedforhissignificantcontributionstobothphilosophyandmathematics,particularlyforformulatingtheprincipleofsufficientreasonwhichpositsthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andforinventingcalculus,proposedthattheuniverseoperatesaccordingtoapre-establishedharmonyamongitsvariouselements.”簡化后為“Leibnizproposedauniversegovernedbypre-establishedharmony.”，保留了原句的核心意思，即Leibniz提出的宇宙和諧的觀點(diǎn)。4.原句“Theclashbetweentheburgeoningscientificrevolutionandtraditionalscholasticism,whichcreatedafertilegroundfortheemergenceofnewphilosophicalideas,wasadefiningcharacteristicofthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscapeinEurope.”簡化后為“Theclashbetweenthescientificrevolutionandscholasticismdefinedthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscape.”，保留了原句的核心意思，即科學(xué)革命與經(jīng)院哲學(xué)之間的沖突定義了17世紀(jì)哲學(xué)思想的地貌。5.原句“RenéDescartes,inhisseminalwork*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*,exploredthenatureofhumanexistenceandknowledge,employingamethodofsystematicdoubttoestablishcertainty,whichhadaprofoundimpactonsubsequentphilosophicalthoughtandhelpedlaythegroundworkformodernphilosophy.”簡化后為“Descartesestablishedcertaintythroughsystematicdoubtin*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*.”，保留了原句的核心意思，即Descartes在《第一哲學(xué)沉思錄》中通過系統(tǒng)懷疑建立確定性。四、多項選擇答案：1.a2.a3.a4.a5.a解析：1.原句“ThephilosophicalideasproposedbyRenéDescartesduringthe17thcentury,whichareoftenconsideredfoundationaltomodernrationalism,fundamentallychallengedthetraditionalAristotelianviewsthathaddominatedWesternthoughtforcenturiesbyemphasizingtheimportanceofdoubtandtheindividual'scapacityforreason.”劃線部分為“RenéDescartes'rationalismchallengedtraditionalthoughtthroughtheemphasisondoubt.”，選項a為“RenéDescartes'rationalismchallengedtraditionalthoughtthroughtheemphasisondoubt.”，與劃線部分意思一致，因此答案為a。2.原句“BaruchSpinoza's*Ethics*,whichiswritteninastrictgeometricalformatsimilartoEuclideanmathematicsandpresentsamonisticsystemwhereGodandnatureareconsideredidentical,offeredauniqueandhighlyinfluentialperspectiveonmetaphysicsthataimedtoprovideaclearanddistinctunderstandingoftheuniverse.”劃線部分為“Spinoza's*Ethics*offersamonisticperspectiveonmetaphysics.”，選項a為“Spinoza's*Ethics*offersamonisticperspectiveonmetaphysics.”，與劃線部分意思一致，因此答案為a。3.原句“GottfriedWilhelmLeibniz,whoisrenownedforhissignificantcontributionstobothphilosophyandmathematics,particularlyforformulatingtheprincipleofsufficientreasonwhichpositsthateveryeventhasadistinctcause,andforinventingcalculus,proposedthattheuniverseoperatesaccordingtoapre-establishedharmonyamongitsvariouselements.”劃線部分為“Leibnizproposedauniversegovernedbypre-establishedharmony.”，選項a為“Leibnizproposedauniversegovernedbypre-establishedharmony.”，與劃線部分意思一致，因此答案為a。4.原句“Theclashbetweentheburgeoningscientificrevolutionandtraditionalscholasticism,whichcreatedafertilegroundfortheemergenceofnewphilosophicalideas,wasadefiningcharacteristicofthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscapeinEurope.”劃線部分為“Theclashbetweenthescientificrevolutionandscholasticismdefinedthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscape.”，選項a為“Theclashbetweenthescientificrevolutionandscholasticismdefinedthe17thcenturyphilosophicallandscape.”，與劃線部分意思一致，因此答案為a。5.原句“RenéDescartes,inhisseminalwork*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*,exploredthenatureofhumanexistenceandknowledge,employingamethodofsystematicdoubttoestablishcertainty,whichhadaprofoundimpactonsubsequentphilosophicalthoughtandhelpedlaythegroundworkformodernphilosophy.”劃線部分為“Descartesestablishedcertaintythroughsystematicdoubtin*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*.”，選項a為“Descartesestablishedcertaintythroughsystematicdoubtin*MeditationsonFirstPhilosophy*.”，與劃線部分意思一致，因此答案為a。五、完成句子答案：1.rationalism2.oneandthesame3.apre-establishedharmony4.Theclashbetweentraditionalscholasticismandtheburgeoningscientificrevolutionsetthestagefortheemergenceofmodernphilosophicalthought.5.Thesethreethinkers,thoughdistinctintheirmethodologies,sharedacommongoal:tounravelthemysteriesofexistenceandtoprovideacoherentframeworkforunderstandingtheuniverse,whichreflectstheirdeepcommitmenttophilosophicalinquiryandthepursuitofknowledge.解析：1.原句“RenéDescartes,oftenhailedasthefatherofmodernphilosophy,proposedthefamousdictum'Cogito,ergosum'('Ithink,thereforeIam'),establishingthefoundationof_______.”，根據(jù)文章第二段第一句“