有機(jī)化學(xué)方程式匯總一、烴類（一）烷烴（以甲烷為例，通式C_{n}H_{2n+2}，n\geq1）氧化反應(yīng)：燃燒：CH_{4}+2O_{2}\stackrel{點(diǎn)燃}{=\!=\!=}CO_{2}+2H_{2}O取代反應(yīng)：在光照條件下與鹵素單質(zhì)反應(yīng)，如與氯氣反應(yīng)：CH_{4}+Cl_{2}\stackrel{光照}{=\!=\!=}CH_{3}Cl+HClCH_{3}Cl+Cl_{2}\stackrel{光照}{=\!=\!=}CH_{2}Cl_{2}+HClCH_{2}Cl_{2}+Cl_{2}\stackrel{光照}{=\!=\!=}CHCl_{3}+HClCHCl_{3}+Cl_{2}\stackrel{光照}{=\!=\!=}CCl_{4}+HCl1molC_{n}H_{2n+2}與Cl_{2}發(fā)生取代反應(yīng)最多消耗(2n+2)molCl_{2}裂化裂解反應(yīng)：C_{4}H_{10}\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{加熱加壓}{=\!=\!=}}C_{2}H_{4}+C_{2}H_{6}C_{4}H_{10}\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{加熱加壓}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{4}+C_{3}H_{6}（二）烯烴（以乙烯為例，通式C_{n}H_{2n}，n\geq2）氧化反應(yīng)：燃燒：C_{2}H_{4}+3O_{2}\stackrel{點(diǎn)燃}{=\!=\!=}2CO_{2}+2H_{2}O使酸性高錳酸鉀褪色：CH_{2}=CH_{2}\stackrel{KMnO_{4}(H^{+})}{=\!=\!=}CO_{2}加成反應(yīng)：可與H_{2}、HX、H_{2}O、X_{2}等小分子加成與氫氣加成：CH_{2}=CH_{2}+H_{2}\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CH_{3}與鹵化氫加成：CH_{2}=CH_{2}+HX\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CH_{2}X與水加成：CH_{2}=CH_{2}+H_{2}O\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{加熱加壓}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CH_{2}OH與溴加成：CH_{2}=CH_{2}+Br_{2}\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}CH_{2}BrCH_{2}Br1,3—丁二烯與溴水的加成：1,2-加成：CH_{2}=CH-CH=CH_{2}+Br_{2}\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}CH_{2}Br-CHBr-CH=CH_{2}1,4-加成：CH_{2}=CH-CH=CH_{2}+Br_{2}\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}CH_{2}Br-CH=CH-CH_{2}Br完全加成：CH_{2}=CH-CH=CH_{2}+2Br_{2}\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}CH_{2}BrCHBrCHBrCH_{2}Br加聚反應(yīng)：乙烯加聚：nCH_{2}=CH_{2}\stackrel{催化劑}{=\!=\!=}\left[CH_{2}-CH_{2}\right]_{n}丙烯加聚：nCH_{3}-CH=CH_{2}\stackrel{催化劑}{=\!=\!=}\left[CH-CH_{2}\right]_{n}\_{|}\_{CH_{3}}乙烯與丙烯共聚：nCH_{2}=CH_{2}+nCH_{3}-CH=CH_{2}\stackrel{催化劑}{=\!=\!=}\left[CH_{2}-CH_{2}-CH-CH_{2}\right]_{n}\_{|}\_{CH_{3}}乙烯的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法：主反應(yīng)：CH_{3}CH_{2}OH\stackrel{濃硫酸}{\underset{170^{\circ}C}{=\!=\!=}}H_{2}O+CH_{2}=CH_{2}\uparrow副反應(yīng)：2CH_{3}CH_{2}OH\stackrel{濃硫酸}{\underset{140^{\circ}C}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CH_{2}OCH_{2}CH_{3}+H_{2}OCH_{3}CH_{2}OH+6H_{2}SO_{4}(濃)\stackrel{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}2CO_{2}\uparrow+6SO_{2}\uparrow+9H_{2}OCH_{3}CH_{2}OH+2H_{2}SO_{4}(濃)\stackrel{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}C+2SO_{2}\uparrow+5H_{2}OC+2H_{2}SO_{4}(濃)\stackrel{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}CO_{2}\uparrow+2SO_{2}\uparrow+2H_{2}O制備環(huán)氧乙烷：方法一：2CH_{2}=CH_{2}+O_{2}\stackrel{Ag}{=\!=\!=}2\\_{\\/}\^{CH_{2}-CH_{2}}\_{O}方法二：①CH_{2}=CH_{2}+H_{2}O+Cl_{2}\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}CH_{2}OH-CH_{2}Cl+HCl②CH_{2}OH-CH_{2}Cl+HCl+Ca(OH)_{2}\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}\\_{\\/}\^{CH_{2}-CH_{2}}\_{O}+CaCl_{2}+2H_{2}O或2CH_{2}OH-CH_{2}Cl+Ca(OH)_{2}\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}CaCl_{2}+2H_{2}O+2\\_{\\/}\^{CH_{2}-CH_{2}}\_{O}（三）炔烴（以乙炔為例，通式C_{n}H_{2n-2}，n\geq2）氧化反應(yīng)：燃燒：2C_{2}H_{2}+5O_{2}\stackrel{點(diǎn)燃}{=\!=\!=}4CO_{2}+2H_{2}O使酸性高錳酸鉀褪色：CH\equivCH\stackrel{KMnO_{4}(H^{+})}{=\!=\!=}CO_{2}加成反應(yīng)：與氫氣加成：CH\equivCH+H_{2}\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{2}=CH_{2}CH\equivCH+2H_{2}\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CH_{3}與鹵化氫加成：CH\equivCH+HBr\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{2}=CHBrCH\equivCH+2HBr\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CHBr_{2}（或CH_{2}BrCH_{2}Br）與水加成：CH\equivCH+H_{2}O\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CHO自身加成：2CH\equivCH\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{2}=CH-C\equivCH3CH\equivCH\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}\\_{\\/}\^{CH_{2}-CH}\_{CH=CH_{2}}（生成苯）加聚反應(yīng)：制備聚氯乙烯：①CH\equivCH+HCl\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{2}=CHCl②nCH_{2}=CHCl\stackrel{催化劑}{=\!=\!=}\left[CH_{2}-CH\right]_{n}\_{|}\_{Cl}乙炔加聚生成聚乙炔：nCH\equivCH\stackrel{催化劑}{=\!=\!=}\left[CH=CH\right]_{n}乙炔的實(shí)驗(yàn)室制法：CaC_{2}+2H_{2}O\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}Ca(OH)_{2}+CH\equivCH\uparrow（四）苯及苯的同系物苯（）氧化反應(yīng)：燃燒：2C_{6}H_{6}+15O_{2}\stackrel{點(diǎn)燃}{=\!=\!=}12CO_{2}+6H_{2}O取代反應(yīng)：鹵代反應(yīng)：\+Br_{2}\stackrel{FeBr_{3}}{=\!=\!=}\\-Br+HBr硝化反應(yīng)：\+HNO_{3}\stackrel{濃硫酸}{\underset{55-60^{\circ}C}{=\!=\!=}}\\-NO_{2}+H_{2}O加成反應(yīng)：\+3H_{2}\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}\\（環(huán)己烷）苯的同系物（以甲苯為例，通式，）氧化反應(yīng)：燃燒：C_{7}H_{8}+9O_{2}\stackrel{點(diǎn)燃}{=\!=\!=}7CO_{2}+4H_{2}O使酸性高錳酸鉀褪色：\-CH_{3}\stackrel{KMnO_{4}(H^{+})}{=\!=\!=}\\-COOH取代反應(yīng)：鹵代反應(yīng)：催化劑條件下苯環(huán)上取代：\-CH_{3}+3Br_{2}\stackrel{FeBr_{3}}{=\!=\!=}\\-CH_{3}\_{|}\_{Br}\+3HBr光照條件下側(cè)鏈取代：\-CH_{3}+Cl_{2}\stackrel{光照}{=\!=\!=}\\-CH_{2}Cl+HCl硝化反應(yīng)：\-CH_{3}+3HNO_{3}\stackrel{濃硫酸}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}\\-CH_{3}\_{|}\_{NO_{2}}\+3H_{2}O（生成2,4,6-三硝基甲苯，TNT）加成反應(yīng)：\-CH_{3}+3H_{2}\stackrel{催化劑}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}\\-CH_{3}（甲基環(huán)己烷）二、烴的衍生物（一）鹵代烴（以溴乙烷為例，通式C_{n}H_{2n+1}X，n\geq1）取代反應(yīng)（水解反應(yīng)）：CH_{3}CH_{2}Br+NaOH\stackrel{水}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CH_{2}OH+NaBrCH_{3}CHBr_{2}+2NaOH\stackrel{水}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CHO+2NaBr+H_{2}OCH_{3}CBr_{3}+4NaOH\stackrel{水}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}COONa+3NaBr+2H_{2}O消去反應(yīng)：CH_{3}CH_{2}Br+NaOH\stackrel{醇}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{2}=CH_{2}\uparrow+NaBr+H_{2}OCH_{3}CHBrCH_{2}Br+2NaOH\stackrel{醇}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}C\equivCH+2NaBr+2H_{2}O（二）醇（以乙醇為例，通式C_{n}H_{2n+2}O，n\geq1）氧化反應(yīng)：燃燒：C_{2}H_{5}OH+3O_{2}\stackrel{點(diǎn)燃}{=\!=\!=}2CO_{2}+3H_{2}O使酸性高錳酸鉀褪色（與強(qiáng)氧化劑反應(yīng)）：C_{2}H_{5}OH\stackrel{KMnO_{4}(H^{+})}{=\!=\!=}CH_{3}COOH催化氧化：2C_{2}H_{5}OH+O_{2}\stackrel{Cu/Ag}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}2CH_{3}CHO+2H_{2}O2CH_{3}CHOHCH_{3}+O_{2}\stackrel{Cu/Ag}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}2CH_{3}COCH_{3}(丙酮)+2H_{2}O取代反應(yīng)：與金屬鈉反應(yīng)：2CH_{3}CH_{2}OH+2Na\stackrel{}{=\!=\!=}2CH_{3}CH_{2}ONa+H_{2}\uparrow酯化反應(yīng)：CH_{3}CH_{2}OH+CH_{3}COOH\stackrel{濃硫酸}{\underset{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}COOCH_{2}CH_{3}+H_{2}O與濃氫溴酸反應(yīng)：CH_{3}CH_{2}OH+HBr\stackrel{\Delta}{=\!=\!=}CH_{3}CH_{2}Br+H_{2}O分子間脫水：2CH_{3}CH_{2}OH\stackrel{濃硫酸}{\underset{140^{\circ}C}{=\!=\!=}}CH_{3}CH_{2}OCH_{2}CH_{3}+H_{2}O消去反應(yīng)：CH_{3}CH_{2}OH\stackrel{濃硫酸}{\underset{170^{\circ}C}{=\!=\!=}}H_{2}O+CH_{2}=CH_{2