YipSang,aChinese-CanadianTheBritishandChinesesignedtheTreatyofNankingin1842,eachprovidingtheirrespectivesubjectswiththerighttobenefitfromfullsecurityandprotectionfortheirpersonsandpropertywithineachother’sboundaries.EventhoughChinadidnoopenlyallowemigration(移居),in1860alawwaspassedwhichstatedthatChineseseekingtoworkintheBritishColoniesorotherplaceswereatlibertytodoso.TheyhadonlytoshipthemselvesandtheirfamiliesonboardanyBritishvesselatanyoftheopenportsinChina.In1868,anothertreaty,thisonewiththeUnitedStates,gavetheChinesetherighttochangetheirhomeandloyaltyfromonecountrytoanotherforthepurposesofcuriosity,oftrade,oraspermanentresidents,therebyopeningthegatesforemigrationfromChina.ThegoldboominBritishColumbiainthe1850’swasthebeginningofChineseimmigrationfromtheU.S.intoCanada.ManyoftheseearlyimmigrantsfromFujianandGuangdongprovincestoSanFrancisco.WhentheyheardofthegolddiscoveriesinBritishColumbia,manycrossedtheborderintoCanadabymovingoverlandthroughOregonorarrivingbyseainVictoria.Whenthegolddepositsweredepleted(用盡,枯竭),theseearlysettlerstayed,movingintooccupationslikegardening,farming,domesticservice,roadconstruction,andrailwaybuilding.By1871,thesewereapproximately3,000Chineseinhabitantsintheprovince,only53ofwhombeingwomen.SinceChineseworkerswereknowtobeconscientiousandreliable,severalcompaniesactivelyrecruitedthem.Asaresult,itwasestimatedthat10,000workersarrivedbetween1882and1884.InanefforttorestricttheentryofChineseimmigrants,anactwaspassedintheCanadianParliamentconfiningtheproportiontoonepersonforevery50tonsofvesseltonnage(船舶的噸數(shù)).Aheadtaxwasalsoimposed.RecordsofthosewhopaidtheheadtaxarestillavailableforviewingintheNationalArchivesofCanada.AnarticleintheIllustratedLondonNewsinJanuary1875gavesomeinsightintotheemigrationprocessoftheChinesebyconveyingtheideasofchangestheymightundergo.Theauthorthoughtthemodifications(修改,改造)wouldbeslightandprincipallyexternal.Hebelievedthat,inanattempttoblendin,theChinesewouldadoptAmericanlanguage,culture,anddress.However,becausetheChinesebroughtwiththemastrongsenseoftheirownidentity,itwasn’tnecessaryforthemtocultivateaNorthAmericanwayoflife,nordidtheyfeelanobligationtoabandontheirtraditions.Muchofthearticlewouldbeconsideredinsultingbytoday’sstandards.IntheUnitedStates,thereweretwoopposingpointsofview.Ononesideofthecoin,theChinesewereseenasaninexpensivemeansofprovidingthemanuallabornecessarytodeveloptheassetsofthecountry,mostofteninhazardousoccupations.Ontheotherside,therewerethosewhobrandedthemasthe“curse”ofthenation.SomeAmericansapplaudedtheChinesebutotherscondemnedthemasevil.Someweredisturbedbywhatmighthappenifalltheimmigrantsdecidedtostay.Theirdistresswasunfoundedhowever,asmostChinesehadnointentionofstaying.TheirgreatestwishwastoaccumulateasmuchmoneyaspossibleandreturntoChina.Guilds(行會(huì),協(xié)會(huì))weresetuptoprovidelodgingandemploymentfortheemigrants,forafeeofcourse.Thefeeensuredthattheworkerwouldbepaidadecentwageandthathisemployerwouldnotdeceivehim.Theaccumulatedfeesamountedtoalargesum,allowingtheGuildstohelpthosewhowereilloroutofwork.Theynotonlysawthattheworkerreceivedwhateverwasduetohim,theyalsomadehimpayallhisdebts.Theworkerwasn’tallowedtoreturntohisowncountrywithoutacertificatefromhisagentstatingheownednothing.ManyChinesewereabletosaveaportionoftheirearningstotakewiththemtotheirfamilybackhome.Often,afterworkersreturnedtoChina,theywouldrevisitNorthAmericatoaccumulatemoremoney.BeforebeingallowedtoboardashipinChina,however,theyhadtoprovethattheyweregoingtotheirownfreewillandwereundernolaborcontract.Beforetheshipssetsail.Theauthoritieswouldvisittoguaranteethatallonboardhadtheirticketstampedandwerenotleavingthecountryagainsttheirwill.YipSang,borninCanton(廣州舊稱)in1845,leftChinaattheageofnineteentoseekhisfortuneinAmerica.AfterarrivinginSanFranciscoin1864,heearnedalivingbyworkingfirstasadish-washer,thenasacook,andfinallyasacigarroller.Fromtheoutset,heperceivedthatifhewaspatientandcouldrepresentthebestofhisrace,hismeritswouldberecognized.PossiblytheattractionofhighwagesrumoredtobeofferedbyCanadianrailroadcompaniesrousedYipSantoleaveSanFrancisco.HearrivedinVancouverin1881andworkedonthewesternportionoftheCanadianpacificRailroadfrom1882until1884,firstasabook-keeper,thenasatime-keeper,andfinallyasapaymaster(出納員),beforebeingpromotedtoChinesesuperintendent(主管)forthesupplycompany.ThepromotionmadehimresponsibleforhiringoncontractandtransportingthousandsofmenfromChinatoworkontherailwaylineinBritishColumbia.Hesupervised(監(jiān)督,管理)somesixtoseventhousandChineseworkersduringthepeakoftheconstruction.In1885,hereturnedtoChinausingthemoneyhehadsavedfromhisCPRjob.Heremainedtherefrom1885until1888,whiletherehemarriedfourdifferentwives,aregularoccurrenceatthetimeforwealthyyoungmen.Heandhisfirstwife,LeeShe,hadasonandadaughter.LeeShebecamegravely(嚴(yán)重的)illaftertheirmarriageandurgedYipSangtotakeanotherwife,onewhocouldbeabletotakegoodcareoftheirchildren.WongShe,YipSang’ssecondwife,wasveryyoungwith“sensitive”eyes,butdidnotmeetwiththeapprovalofLeeShee.Sheinsistedheshouldmarrythirdtime,andthistimechoosesomeonemoresuitabletocareforthechildren.DongShe,wifenumberthree,wasmorematureandhadthecapacitytosupervisethehouseholdandthechildren.DongSheeconvincedYipSangtotakeafourthwife,ChinShe,whoseprimaryrolewastobeDongShe’scompanion.Withhisfourwives,YipSanghad23children,oneofwhombecamethefirstChineseCanadiandoctortoberecognizedinCanada.In1888,YipSangreturnedtoCanadawiththreewives——LeeShediedbeforetheyleft.OnhisreturntoCanadaheundertookanewenterprise.Hebecameamerchant,openinganimport-exportbusinessintheheartofVancouver'sChinatown.WingSangCompanyspecializedingoodsimportedfromChina.ThecompanyprovidedChineseCanadianswithmerchandise(商品)notreadilyavailableinVancouverandexportedCanadianfoodstuffs(食品)toChina.Hisformulaofpouringasmuchmoneyashecouldaffordintobuildingandexpansioncouldn’thelpbutsucceed.In1889,YipSangboughtlandonPenderStreetinChinatownandbeganconstructionofacomplex,whichstillstandstoday.Initially(最初)beingatwo-storybuildingwithagroundfloorstorefrontandasecondfloorresidence,itwasprobablythefirstinChinatowntobebuiltofdurablebrick.Customersofthestorewalkedonwoodenplatformscoveringtheunpaveddirtstreetstoavoidtrackingthedustandmudintothebuilding.Withthetoneofsuccess,YipSangaddedtohisbuilding.In1901,hewidenedthestreettoaccommodatethreemoreshops,eachwithasecondstoryabove.Healsoaddedathirdfloortotheoriginalbuildinginthesameyear.In1912,tohousebothhisgrowingfamilyandhisbusiness,hebuiltanewsix-storybrickbuildingbehindtheoldoneandconnectedtoitbyanarrowcorridoratgroundlevel,andbyanenclosedstairwayextensiononthethirdfloorthatstretchedabovethealleybetweenthetwobuildings.Mostofthenewbuildingwasusedtowarehousegoodsfortheimport/exportbusiness.YipSang’sinvolvement(卷入)withshippingcompaniesandhisownbusinessdemonstratedhisunderstandingofthefreightindustryandhisabilitytoworkfluentlyinbothChineseandEnglishlanguages.In1889,theCPRrehiredYipSangtoactastheirChinesePassengerAgentfortheirCanadianSteamshipLine,apositionhehelduntilhisdeathin1927attheageof82.Thedemandforsaltedherring(鯡魚)inchina,inconjunctionwithhugecatchesbeingbroughtinbythefishingfleet,spurredYipSangtobuildafishpackingplantinNanaimo.ThesuccessofthisplantledtotheopeningofasecondplantonVancouverIslandsoonafterward.BothplantswerestaffedbylargenumbersofChineseworkersandhelpedestablishsizeable(相當(dāng)大的)ChinesecommunityinNanaimo’sdowntowncore.ConsistentwithYipSang’sdevotiontogrowthandimprovement,hepromotedandfostered(支持)education.NotonlydidhefoundtheOkKuoNightSchool,healsoservedasitsprincipalforovertenyears.Hischildrenwenttopublicschool,buttheyalsoreceivedschoolingathomefromtutorshiredfromHongKongtoteachthemChinese.YipSangtookgreatpleasureinquizzinghisoffspring(子女,后代)abouttheirlessons.Hisphilosophywasthatbymoderatingthechildren’sCanadianeducationwithfundamentalChinese,theequationwouldresultinwell-rounded,responsiblecitizens.AsakeenadvocateofeducationinCanada,YipSangalsosponsorededucationabroadinChina.Theling-nanUniversityandToi-shanMiddleSchoolinhishometownofCantonwereestablishedwithhishelp.Throughouthislife,hemaintainedanactiveroleinVancouver’sChinatown.Hewasoneofelevenmen,hiscontemporaries,whofoundedtheChineseBenevolent(慈善的)Association,onecomponentofwhichlookedaftertheill,elderlyordestitute(貧困的)Chineseintheabsenceoftheirfamilies.Whenhediedattheageof82,YipSangwasnotonlyoneofthewealthiestmerchantsinVancouver;hewasalsoconsideredapillarofthecommunity.YipSang’sdescendants(后裔,后代)continuetohonorhisvaluesandremainactiveintheVancouverCommunity.加籍華人阿壽1842年，中英兩國簽訂《南京條約》，雙方為各自的國民提供在彼此的疆域內(nèi)享有人員和財(cái)產(chǎn)受到完全保護(hù)的權(quán)利。盡管中國沒有公開允許移民出境，但1860年通過的一條法律規(guī)定尋求在英國殖民地或其他地方工作的華人有這種移民自由。他們及其家人只要登上在中國任一個(gè)開放港口里的任一艘英國船只即可。1868年，另一個(gè)條約——一個(gè)與美國簽訂的條約——給予那些觀光、貿(mào)易或永久定居為目的的華人將家庭及對(duì)國家的效忠從一個(gè)國家轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)國家的權(quán)利。從而打開了從中國移民出境的大門。1850年不列顛哥倫比亞的淘金熱開始了華人從美國移民到加拿大的歷程。在這些早期移民中間，很多人是從福建省、廣東省乘船到達(dá)舊金山的。當(dāng)聽說在不列顛哥倫比亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦，很多人從陸路穿越俄勒岡州，過邊境進(jìn)入加拿大，或者乘船到達(dá)維多利亞港。當(dāng)金礦被淘盡的時(shí)候，這些早期的定居者留了下來，轉(zhuǎn)而從事園藝、農(nóng)業(yè)、家政服務(wù)、道路和鐵路建設(shè)等行業(yè)。到1871年，這個(gè)省大約有3,000名華裔居民，其中只有53名婦女。因?yàn)槿A人勞工以勤勞守信聞名，多家公司爭相雇傭他們。結(jié)果，在1882年至1884年期間，估計(jì)來了10,000名工人。為了有效地限制華人入境，加拿大國會(huì)通過了一項(xiàng)法令，限制每50噸排水噸位只能運(yùn)載1人，還征收人頭稅。那些交了人頭稅的人，其檔案至今還可以在加拿大國家檔案館查閱到。1875年元月刊登在《倫敦新聞畫報(bào)》上的一篇文章，通過揭示華人一些觀念的改變，對(duì)移民過程做了某些深層的透視。其作者認(rèn)為，他們的變化是很小的，而且基本上都是外在的。他相信在努力融入當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)的過程中，華人接受了美洲的語言、文化和服飾。然而，因?yàn)槿A人總是帶有一種對(duì)他們自己身份的強(qiáng)烈認(rèn)同感，要他們養(yǎng)成北美的生活方式是沒有必要的，他們也認(rèn)為沒有義務(wù)放棄自己的傳統(tǒng)。以今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看，這篇文章的大部分內(nèi)容可以被認(rèn)為是帶有侮辱性的。在美國，存在兩種對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)。一方面，華人被看成廉價(jià)的勞動(dòng)力，為這個(gè)國家的財(cái)富積累提供了必要的人力資源，大多數(shù)通常從事危險(xiǎn)的職業(yè)。另一方面，又有人污蔑他們是這個(gè)國家的“禍根”。有些美國人贊揚(yáng)中國人，另一些人則指責(zé)他們是惡棍。還有些人憂心忡忡于如果所有移民都決定留下來可能會(huì)發(fā)生的問題。然而，他們的擔(dān)心毫無道理，因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)華人并沒打算留下來。他們最大的愿望就是盡可能地?cái)€錢，然后回到中國。為移民提供食宿和就業(yè)的行會(huì)建立了起來。當(dāng)然，這是要付錢的。所付費(fèi)用可以保證工人得到合理的工資，不受雇主欺騙。會(huì)費(fèi)累積到很大一筆的時(shí)候，行會(huì)就能夠幫助生病或失業(yè)的人。他們不僅要注意工人是否得到應(yīng)得的收入，還要使他還清所有的債務(wù)。沒有其代理人出具的無欠債的證明，工人是不允許回到自己國家的。很多華人能夠存下一部分收入，回家時(shí)帶回他們的祖國。工人們回到中國后，常常會(huì)再次到北美掙更多的錢。然而，在中國，被允許上船之前，他們必須證明自己是自愿走的，并不是受勞動(dòng)合同的約束。在開船之前，當(dāng)局會(huì)上來檢查，保證船上所有的人都檢過票，并且不是違反他們的意愿離開這個(gè)國家的。阿壽，1845年出生于廣東，19歲時(shí)離開中國到美國謀生。1864年到達(dá)舊金山后，靠打工過活，先是當(dāng)洗碗工，然后是廚師，最后是雪茄卷煙工。從一開始，他就認(rèn)識(shí)到，只要他有耐心，能夠表現(xiàn)出最佳的能力，就會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)他的價(jià)值。也許是受傳聞中加拿大鐵路公司所給的高工資的吸引，阿壽離開了舊金山。1881年他到溫哥華。1882年至1884年，他在加拿大太平洋鐵路的西段工作。先是做簿記員，然后是記工員，出納員，最后被提拔為供應(yīng)公司的華人主管。這次晉升使他負(fù)責(zé)雇傭合同的事務(wù)，他把幾千人從中國運(yùn)送到不列顛哥倫比亞的鐵路線上工作。在建設(shè)高峰期間，他管理的華工達(dá)六、七千人。1885年，他用在加拿大太平洋鐵路公司掙的錢回到中國，并從