Unit18CommunicationSystem如何寫科技論文的英文摘要

Inthemostfundamentalsense,“communication”meanstheconveyingortransmissionofinformationfromonepointtoanotherthroughasuccessionofprocesses.Thisdefinitionisnotveryprecise,butthesubjectofcommunicationisverybroad.Today,communicationentersourdailylivesinsomanydifferentwaysthatitisveryeasytooverlookthemultitudeofitsfacets.

Thetelephonesatourhands,theradiosandtelevisionsinourlivingrooms,thecomputerterminalswithaccesstotheInternetinourofficesandhomes,andournewspapersareallcapableofprovidingrapidcommunicationsfromeverycorneroftheglobe.Communicationprovidesthesensesofshipsonthehighseas,aircraftinflight,androcketsandsatellitesinspace.Communicationthroughawirelesstelephonekeepsacardriverintouchwiththeofficeorhomemilesaway.Communicationkeepsaweatherforecasterinformedofconditionsmeasuredbyamultitudeofsensors.Indeed,thelistofapplicationsinvolvingtheuseofcommunicationinonewayoranotherisalmostendless.

AdiagramofthebasicunitscomprisingacommunicationsystemisshowninFig.18-1.Noteverycommunicationsystemmakesuseofallindicatedoperations,buteachalwaysinvolvesatransmissionmediumofsomekind.Theencoderchoosesthebestformforthesignalinordertooptimizeitsdetectionattheoutput.Thedecoderperformstheinverseoperationtomakethebestdecision,basedontheavailablesignals,thatagivenmessagewasindeedsent.Thedesignoftheencoderanddecodermustrelyonadetailedmathematicaldescriptionofinformationtransmission.

Whilethesubjectofcodingoftencarrieswithitanairofsecrecy,amoreimportantmotiveinmanymoderncodingsystemsistheimprovedefficiencyinconveyinginformation.

Fig.18-1ACommunicationSystem

Themodulatorproducesavaryingsignalatitsoutputwhichisproportionalinsomewaytothesignalappearingacrossitsinputterminals.Forexample,asinusoidalmodulatormayvarytheamplitude,frequency,orphaseofasinusoidalindirectproportiontothevoltageinput.Therolesoftheencoderandthemodulatoraresimilarinthatbothpreparethesignalformoreefficienttransmission.However,theprocessofcodingisdesignedtooptimizetheerror-freedetectionthatagivenmessageisbeingsent,whereastheprocessofmodulationisdesignedtoimpresstheinformationsignalontothewaveformtobetransmitted.Thedemodulatorperformstheinverseoperationofthemodulatorisoftenreferredtoasa“modem”indatatransmission.

Thetransmissionmediumisthecruciallinkinthesystem.Withoutit,therewouldbenocommunicationproblem.Thetransmissionmediummayincludetheionosphere,thetroposphere,freespace,orsimplyatransmissionline.Inanycase,attenuationanddistortion,aswellasnoisesignalsgeneratedinthemediaandthetransmittingandreceivingequipment,areintroduced.Forourpurpose,noisesignalsareanyelectricalsignals(voltagesorcurrents)whichinterferewiththeerror-freereceptionofthemessage-bearingsignal.

如何寫科技論文的英文摘要

摘要的主要作用是能夠使讀者迅速而準(zhǔn)確地確定論文的基本內(nèi)容，并獲得足夠與論文相關(guān)的信息量。摘要是研究論文全文的縮影，直接為科技文獻(xiàn)檢索服務(wù)。作為科技論文的重要部分，摘要的寫作特點非常鮮明。首先，摘要是一篇相對獨立的短文，要求把論文所研究的問題、基本觀點、試驗方法、主要結(jié)論等用連貫的語言、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)反映出來。

其次，科技論文摘要應(yīng)言簡意賅，一般中文300字左右，英文以1000印刷符號為宜。最后，科技論文的摘要應(yīng)是其原文的精華，必須準(zhǔn)確抓住全文的關(guān)鍵，使讀者只通過閱讀摘要便可對全文內(nèi)容有明確的了解，系統(tǒng)、邏輯、簡要地概括全文的基本內(nèi)容。

1．摘要的文體

(1)英文摘要不同于文章正文，應(yīng)盡量使用短句子，但也應(yīng)避免重復(fù)單調(diào)。

例如：

Inthispaper,anenhancement,whichisnamedasABC,isproposedtotrytogetamorepowerfulobject-orientedmethod.

應(yīng)改為簡潔的兩句話：

Anenhancementmethod,ABC,isproposed.Itisamorepowerfulobject-orientedmethod.

(2)在時態(tài)上，英文摘要多采用一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。采用一般現(xiàn)在時來說明研究的目的，描述研究的內(nèi)容，得出結(jié)果與結(jié)論等；一般過去時用來描述作者過去某一時段的發(fā)現(xiàn)及研究過程等。

例如：

①Usingthemethodofpulsesynchronization,twoschemesofpulsesubtracteraredescribed.

②Thefatiguetestsofnotchedspecimensunderrandomloadswerecarriedout.

(3)摘要中盡量避免使用第一人稱We,I做主語的句子。

例如：

Inthispaper,weprovidedamethodcalculatingthestabilityofsmallfour-wheeltractors...Wediscussedtheapplicationconditionsofthismethod.

應(yīng)改為：

Amethodcalculatingthestabilityofsmallfour-wheeltractorsisprovided...Theapplicationconditionsofthismethodisdiscussed.

2．摘要的典型句型

(1)介紹論文內(nèi)容與作者觀點的常用語句

常用詞：dealwith,describe,explain,illustrate,introduce,present,report等。

例如：

①Performancegoalsandmeasuringmethodsarebrieflydescribed.

②Theapplicationsofthistechniquetonucleardetectionareillustrated.

(2)論文研究課題的常用語句

常用詞：analyze,consider,develop,discuss,investigate,state,study等。

例如：

①Themainexperimentalproblemsarealsoanalyzedwithsuchultra-low-frequencymeasurements.

②Aparticularsystemisinvestigatednumerically.

(3)論文涉及范圍的語句

常用詞：consistof,contain,cover,include等。

例如：

Thisarticleconsistsoffourparts:introduction,theory,experimentalmethod,andconclusion.

(4)論文研究目的的常用語句

常用詞：aim,objective,purpose,seek等。

例如：

Ananswertothisquestionissoughtformanyinvestigators.

(5)論文獲取和開發(fā)成果等常語句

常用詞：achieve,construct,design,develop,establish,give,improve,obtain,produce,provide,realize,record,solve等。

例如：

①Thispaperprovidesanidealsourceofradiationforanopticalcommunicationsystem.

②Switchingtimeofthenewtypetransistorwillbereducedthreetimes.

(6)論證和依據(jù)的常用語句

常用詞組：baseon,bebasedon,takeasreference等。

例如：

Methodsofana