Unit7

TextualDevelopment(2)

11.TypicalFeaturesofPapersofExperimentalNatureComparedwithpapersoftheoreticalnature,papersofexperimentalnature,asthenameimplies,mainlycenteraroundexperiments,investigationsoranalysesoftheirresults.Tothisend,themostimportantsectionofthispaperisthatofexperimentaldescription.Thefunctionsofexperimentdescriptionareto(1)convincereaders—experimentalresultshouldbereliableandconvincing;(2)benefitreader---theintroductionofexperimentalandinspiration,andshouldfacilitatefurtherdeliberations研究andresearchforthereaders;2(3)allowreaderstoduplicatetheexperiment–theprocessandmethodofexperimentshouldhavereproducibility,andthedescribedexperimentshouldbeduplicatedbysameothersundertheconditions.Thedescriptionofanexperimentusuallyincludestheexperimentalprocessundertaken,technologyinvolved,materialsused,equipmentintroduced,conditionsprovided.Thedescriptionofanexperimentusuallyincludestheexperimentalprocessundertaken,technologyinvolved,materialsused,equipmentintroduced,conditionsprovided,etc.

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2.ProcessUndertakenintheExperimentInaresearchpaper,aprofessionalhastopresentthereaderswhatexperimentorexperimentshehasdoneandwhatisthefindinginhisexperimentaswellaswhatparticulardetailsormeaningfulanecdoteshehasencounteredintheexperimentalmethod,equipments,andmaterials,hisexperimentalstepsandthenparticularresearchfindings.Whenaresearchintroducestohisexperimentalprocess,heshouldbeasbriefaspossibleanddescribewhathisreadersreallyneedtoknow.Innocasewillheneedtoprovideinformationonallthepoints.Inordertoillustratehisinformationonanyexperimentalprocessbrieflyandpurposefully,hemustkeepinmindtheprocessinvolvesseveralstepswhichtakeplaceinacertaintimesequenceis.4Thus,thekeytoacleardescriptionofaprocessistomakeplainwhatthestepsareandwhattheirtimesequencesis.Expressionslike“first〞,“second〞,“then,〞“next,〞“after〞(acertainstephasbeencompleted),and“finally〞areusefulinsuchsituations(seeEx.7-1,Ex.7-2,Ex.7-3,andEx.7-4).Also,anintroductorysentencedescribingthemainpartsofthewholeprocesscanhelpthereadertounderstandtheoverallororganizationmoreeasily.1)StartingwithaProcessIntroductionTheintroductionshouldcontainnecessarycommentsontheprocessasawhole,forexample,thetheoryonwhichitisbased–andalistofthemainstepsthatmakeuptheprocess.

5Trytoillustratetheprocessinfiveorsixsteps,butnomore.Themaindivisionsshouldbebasedonthecompletionofastageoftheworkratherthanonsomesortofarbitraryconsiderations,suchasplaceortimeoranyoneoranythingelseinvolved.Theillustrationshouldbemadepurposefulbydividingtheprocessintotheworkactuallydoneinthefieldor/andthatactuallydoneinthelaboratory.Eveniftheworkdoneinthefieldmaycompriseonespecifictaskandtheworkdoneinthelaboratorymayinvolveanother,theprocessshouldstillbedescribedasawholebyidentifyingthetaskratherthanmerelyidentifyingtheplacewhereitwasdone.Suchanintroductioncanthenbestbefollowedbyanoverallpictureoftheprocessindicatingthestagesinwhichtheprocessoccurs.6

2)StepsTakentoCompletetheExperimentStepsofaninvestigationoranexperimentshouldbedescribedortreatedasawholesoastogivethereadersanintegratedorageneralimpression.Adefinitionisoftenneededbeforethedivisionofstepsismade.Then,thestepscouldbelistedonebyoneeitherchronologicallyorlogicallyaccordingtowhathashappenedintherealinvestigationorexperimentalprocess.Ifthereisnoneedforfurtherdivisions,thewritercanbegintorelatewhatisreallydonewhentheprocessisperformed.Indoingso,heshouldfocusontheresultsthattheprocessissupposedtoaccomplishpurposefullyordeliberatelyratherthanspontaneously.Forexample,thewholeprocessofsteelmakingintheblastfurnacecanbestatedasfollows:

7Ex.7-1Smeltingofironoretakesplaceinablastfurnace.Atthebeginningoftheprocessthefurnaceischargedwithcoke(C)焦炭,ironore(Fe2O3)andlimestone(CaCo3),whichareplacedinalternatelayers.Thenablastofhotairathighpressureentersthroughthetuyere2atthebottomofthefurnace.Atthisstagethecokeburnstoformcarbondioxidewhenonecarbondioxiderisesinthefurnace,itmeetsmorehotcokeandisreducedtocarbonmonoxide.Thecarbonmonoxidethenreactswiththehotore,formingironandcarbondioxide.Atthesametime,thelimestoneabsorbsearthyimpuritiesfromtheore,formingliquidknownasslag礦渣.Themoltenironandliquidslagdraintothebottomofthefurnace,wheretheyformtwolayers--theslagfloatsontopofthemolteniron.Themoltencrudeironandslagpassoutofthefurnaceatdifferentlevels.Themainproductofblastfurnace,knownaspigorcrudeiron,isthusformed.

8Thefollowingisanotherexample:

SulphurextractionbytheFraschProcess.Insomepartsoftheworldsulphurdepositslietoodeeptobeminedintheordinaryway.However,inabout1900anAmericanengineercalledHermanFraschdevelopedaprocessfortheextractionofthisdeep-lyingsulphur.TheFraschprocessdependsonthefactthatthemeltingpointofsulphurisonlyalittleabovetheboilingpointofwater.Theprocessconsistsofthreebasicoperations:First,largeamountsofwateraresuper-heated;inotherwords,thewaterisheatedunderpressureaboveitsnormalboilingpoint.Second,thissuper-heatedwaterispumpeddownthewellsothatitmeltsthesulphur.Finally,themoltensulphurispumpedtothesurface.

Theaboveexamplescanhelpustoseehowindustrial,or,morespecifically,experimentalprocesscanbeexplainedclearlyandlogically,orillustratedorlistedobjectively.93)DetailedApproachesApproachesaredifferentinexplaininganaturalprocessandaprocessperformedbymachinery.Whenexplaininganaturalprocess,weneedfirstofalltogiveabriefstatementofthescientificfacts,principles,ortheoriesthatcausetheprocesstooccur,andthenhavetomentionpossiblytheconditionsunderwhichtheprocessoccurs.Whentheoverallpictureofaprocesshasbeenformulated,thestagesshouldbeexplainedinalogicalorder.Theexplanationofastageshouldincludetellingwhathappens,andifnecessary,whyithappens,unlesstheprocessiseasyforgeneralreaderstoworkoutintheirmind.However,thestagesshouldalwaysbeintroducedemphaticallyandpurposefullysoastomakeclearhowmajordevelopmentsoccur.10Thefollowingisanexampleoftheexplanationofaprocesshappeninginnaturalconditions:Thefirsttruepieceofsportsequipmentthatmaninventedwastheball.InancientEgypt,aseverywhere,pitchingstoneswasachildren’sfavoritegame.Butabadlythrownrockcouldhurtachild.Lookingforsomethinglessdangeroustothrow,theEgyptiansmadewhatwereprobablythefirstballs.Atfirst,ballsweremadeofgrassorleavesheldtogetherbyvines.Later

theyweremadeofpiecesofanimalskinsewedtogetherandstuffedwithfeathersorhay.EventhoughtheEgyptianswerewarlike,theyfoundtimeforpeacefulgames.Beforelong

theyhaddevelopedanumberofballgames,eachwithitsownsetofrules.Perhapstheyplayedballmoreforinstructionthanforfun.Ballplayingwasthoughtofmainlyasawaytoteachyoungmenthespeedandskilltheywouldneedforwar.11Incontrasttotheexplanationofanaturalprocess,theexplanationofaprocessperformedbymachinerythatfunctionstosomeextentautomaticallyinvolvestellinghowthemachineryfunctions.Theproblemsherearemuchliketheseinwritingatechnicaldescription.Atechnicaldescription,asweknow,usuallyemphasizesthefactsaboutthemachineandtells,incidentally,howthemachineoperates.Theexplanationofsuchprocessesshouldbefocusedonwhatthemachinedoesasitoperates.Itisperhapsfirstofalltotellwhatthemachinehasdoneandthengivesnecessaryinformationofitsworkingproceduresorstepsinvolved.Ofcourse,thedescriptioncanbemadeinquiteadifferentmannerwithadifferentwriter.12Inbrief,suchadescriptionoftheprocessperformedbymachineryshouldfollowthefollowingrole.First,useanintroductionconsisting,sofarasitwouldbeappropriate,ofthesamekindofinformationasinexplainingaprocessperformedbyhumans.Next,giveanoverallpictureoftheprocessbytellingitsmaindivisions.Thentellwhatisneededabouteachofthedivisions,placingemphasisinadescendingorderonwhatisdone,howitisdone,andthekindofmachinerythatproducestheprocess.13Hereisanexamplewithaprocessperformedbymachinery:Theprocessofsoldering焊接electricalcomponentsbeginswith

strippingthewireandattachingittotheterminalofacomponent.Then,aftertinningthetipoftheiron,thesolder焊錫heatstheleadandterminaljunctionandallowssoldertoflowoverit.Whenthejunctioncoolsandhardens,itformsaconnectionthroughwhichcurrentcanflow.144)Summing-uporConclusiveIdeasoftheProcessTheexplanationoforintroductiontoaprocessmayormaynotcallforaconclusionorasummary.Thesuitablekindsofconclusionmaterialsmightbeasummaryofwhathaspreceded,orinformationaboutthesignificanceorimportanceoftheprocess.Therearemanyoccasions,however,whentheexplanationofaprocesshastoendupwithafewwordsasabrieffinalremarkorcomment.

153.TechnologyInvolvedintheExperimentSincethedescriptionofanexperimentalprocessisaimedatintroducingtheresearchfindingsorsuccessestheresearcherhasgainedthroughhisownexperiments,theauthorhastobrieflymentionhowhehasgainedtheresult,thatis,whattechnologyortechniqueshehasused,orwhatpreparationshehadmadebeforetheexperimentstarted.Thefollowingexamplesshowhowtointroducethetechnologyofanexperiment.

16Ex.7-5Isitpossibletokeepasaladfreshwithoutartificialpreservatives?AccordingtoaDutchresearcher,theansweristoaddextrabacteriaandletitferment.Heclaimsthetechniqueextendsthesalad’sshelflifetoaboutfiveweeksandmakesittastebetteraswell.

Thetechniqueissuitableforsaladswhichhaveathickdressingholdingtogetheramixtureofvegetables,potatoesormeat.Whenuntreated,thesesoonspoilbecausetheingredientsareinvariablycontaminatedwithmicroorganisms.Addingartificialpreservativessuchassorbicorbensoicacidsinhibitsthegrowthofmanyoftheseorganisms,extendingtheshelflifeofthesaladstoabouteightweeks....Thenewprocess,devisedbyMartinBonestroooftheDepartmentofFoodChemistryandMicrobiologyattheUniversityofWageningen,usesnaturallyoccurringlactobacillusbacteriaisolatedfromthewaterinwhichsoycurdhasbeensoaked.Thesebacteriaarecommonlyusedtomakeyoghurtandsalamiandgrowwellattemperaturesbetween40to50℃,producinglacticacidintheprocess.Mostoftheorganismsthatspoilsaladscannotgrowatthesehightemperatures.17Bonestroosimplymixesthebacteriaintothedressing.Afterpreparationandpackaging,thesaladsareincubatedforsevenhoursat45℃andthenrefrigerated.Duringincubationthebacteriaproduceenoughlacticacidtopreventgrowthofotherbacteriaandthenthesaladshaveashelflifeofaboutfiveweeksifkeptattemperaturesbelow12.“Onebonusisthatthefermentationactuallyleadstoabettertastingproduct.Lacticacidgivesthesaladsapleasant,mildlysourtaste,〞Bonestroosays...Onedrawbackisthattheprocessisonlysuitableforsaladsinwhichsolidingredientsmakeuplessthan70percentofthetotal.Alsothesaladsshouldnotcontaintoomuchcuminororegano,astheyinhibitthegrowthofthelacticacidbacteris.(fromAmericanScientist).18Theabovepassageisdevelopedaroundthetechniqueofkeepingsaladsfreshbyaddingextrabacteria.Thewriter’sintroductionfocusesonthefollowingkeypoints:(1)Whodevisedthetechnique;(2)Theinventor’sclaims;(3)Waystoapplythetechnique;(4)Theadvantagesofthetechnique;(5)Thedrawbacksofthetechnique.19Ex.7-6(ThefollowingaresometestsperformedbyAmericanscientiststofindoutwhymothersprefertoholdtheirchildrenagainsttheirleftarms)...Groupsofnew-bornbabiesinahospitalnurserywereexposedforaconsiderabletimetotherecordedsoundofaheart-beatatastandardrateof72beatsperminute.Therewereninebabiesineachgroupanditwasfoundthatoneormoreofthemwascryingfor60percentofthetimewhenthesoundwasnotswitchedon,butthatthisfigurefelltoonly38percentwhentheheart-beatrecordingwasthumpingaway.Theheart-beatgroupsalsoshowedagreaterweight-gainthantheothers,althoughtheamountoffoodtakenwasthesameinbothcases.Clearlythebeatlessgroupswereburningupalotmoreenergyasaresultofthevigorousactionsoftheircrying.(fromAnObservationandExplanation,DesmondMorris)Theaboveexcerptpointsouthowtheresearchershaveorganizedtheirtests,thecorrespondingrolesandfinallytheresearchfindingsfromthetests.Andfromtheaboveillustrationitcanbeseenhowtheresearchersreportinahighlyselectiveandpurposefulway.204.MaterialsUsedintheExperimentInpreparingtheexperimentaldescription,aresearcherhasalsotointroducetohisreaderswhatmaterialormaterialshehasusedinhisworksothattheprocesscanberepeatedbyothersinthesameway.Whathehastodointhissectionistostatebrieflythekindofmaterialanditsqualityandquantityinordertoachievehispurpose.Itisalsonecessaryforhisreaderstoproducethesameresultsinthesameconditionswiththesamematerial(s).Nowlet’sseethefollowingexample:21Ex.7-7He(Pasteur)wassoonabletotesthisnewmethodofcuringdisease.InthosedaysinFrancethereweremanydogsthathadrabies.Iftheybithumanbeings,thepeoplewhohadbeenbittencaughtadreadfuldiseaseanddied.OnedayaboycalledJosephMeistercametoPasteur’slaboratorycoveredwithbitesfromadogthathadrabies.Hewasterriblyfrightenedandthoughthewoulddie.Pasteurtoldhimnottobeafraid.Hetooksomerabiesmicrobesandexposedthemtotheairtilltheybecameweak.ThenheinoculatedJosephMeisterwiththemandwaitedtoseewhatwouldhappen.Insteadofdying,Josephrecovered.(fromAFastReader)Intheaboveexample,thematerialusedinPasteur’stestisrabiesmicrobes.Nomentionismadeofthemicrobesbecausethereisnoneed.22Ex.7-8(Anexperiment)Subjects:

Subjectswere4-and5-year-oldsenrolledinachurch-affiliateddayschoolinacollegetowninTexas.Thedayschoolservedprimarilymiddle-anduppermiddle-classfamilies.Tenchildrenateachagelevel(i.e.,betweentheagesof48and59months,and60and71months)wererandomlyselectedtoparticipate,andparentalpermissionwassecuredforallthe20children.Themeanagesforthe4-and5-year-oldswere55and65months,respectively.Twelvemaleandeightfemalechildrenweretested.Foroneofthefive-year-olds,Spanishwastheprimarylanguageinthehome.23Materials:Plasticattributeblocksthatvariedonthedimensionsofcolor(red,blue,yellow),shape(rectangle,square,circle,triangle),andsize(large,small)wereusedintheexperiment.Allblockswereofthesamethickness.A30〞x10〞(76.2cmx25.4cm)woodengameboard,consistingoffour“4x4’framedboxeslineallyarrangedandseparatedintopairsbyawoodendivider,wasdesignedforthetask...Procedure:Forthisstudy,allthetestingwasconductedindividuallybythethirdauthor.Verbalandnon-verbalbehaviorswerecodedduringeachsessionbyeitherthefirstorfourthauthor,whiletheothervideotapedthesession.Priortoeachtestingsession,timewasspentwiththechildrentoacquaintthemwiththeenvironment,especiallythevideotapingequipment.Thevideo-tapingswereundertakenfortworeasons:toresolveanycodingproblemsthattheywerenotneededinordertoresolvecodingproblemsinthecurrentstudy,thevideotapeswereusedtotraincodersforalaterstudy...24Theexcerptfromapsychologicalexperimenthaslistedthematerialtobeusedintheexperimentinaverydetailedway,includingtheircolors,shapes,sizesandtypesaswellasthewaysofhowtoarrangethem.Nevertheless,theillustrationisstillmadeinahighlyselectivemanner.255.EquipmentIntroducedintheExperimentWhenillustratingtheequipmentusedintheexperiment,thewritershouldkeepinmindtowhatdegreehisreadersareinneedofhisintroduction.Thepurposeofhislistingoftheequipmentshouldbeaimedatexplainingwhythegivenpieceofequipmentorfacilitiesusedisnecessaryandhowtheresearcherusedsuchpiecesofequipmentandfacilitiestoactualizehisexperiment.Thegeneralguideinintroducingequipmentorfacilitiesissimilartothatinintroducingtechniquesandmaterials.Hereisoneexampleofsuchnature:26Ex.7-9...EvelynRosenbergofAlbuquerqueisasculptor.Sheusesavariationofthesandwichset-up,withabaseandflyer,tocreatereliefsthatshehaschristened“detonographs〞.*RosenberggotherideaforsculptingwithshockwavesfromanIsraeliscientistworkingattheCETR.Onedaysheshowedhissteelplatesthathadbeenusedasbaseplates.Hehadfoundthatifanything,evensomethingasfragileasafeather,hadbeenleftbetweentheexplosiveandtheplate,becauseitslightlyshowedandbufferedtheshockfront.SoonRosenbergmovedfromtwo-dimensionalprintingtothree-dimensionalmolding.ShenowusedplasticexplosivescalledDatasheets,madeofC-plasticexplosives,tocreatebrasssculptureswithoutacastingfurnace.Shelaysametalmould,withthedesigncarvedintoit,ontheground,thenalayeroftwigs,leaves,feathersandothernaturalobjects.Shecoversthesefragilepieceswitharubberpadtosoftentheshockwave,andatechnicianfromNewMexicoTechtopsthissandwichwithaDatasheet.27WhenthetechniciandetonatestheDatasheet,theshockwaveforcesthebrasssheetintothemouldwhileprintingthefeathersandleavesonitssurface...SometimesRosenbergputsbitsofcopperorsilveramidtheobjects;theshockfusesthemtothebrass.Shefinishesherworkbytreatingthebrasswithcorrosivechemicalstocolorandhighlightitssurface.HerdetonographshanginseveralmuseumsandofficesinNewMexico.OnelargeseriesdecoratetheentrancetotheconferencecenterattheNewMexicoTech.(fromNewScientist)28Intheaboveexampleofanartisticcreativework,thewriterintroducespiecesofequipmentandfacilitiesforthesculptor’sworksuchasthesandwichset-up,ametalbaseandflyerplates,plasticexplosives,ametalmould,arubberpad,datasheet,thebrasssheet,bitsofcopperorsilverandfinallycorrosivechemicals.Althoughallthefacilitiesandmeanstheartistusesaresimpleandinsignificant,theycanstillbenamedasfacilitiesandmeansfortheartisttoproduceartisticimages.Everythingisintroducedaroundthecentraltaskofthesculptor’sworkwitharatherdetaileddescriptionoftheirstructures,performancesandworkingprinciples.29Someguidestoequipmentdescriptioncanbededucedfromtheaboveexampleaswellasfromothers:(1)StructureWhenaresearcherdescribesthestructureoftheequipmenthehasusedinhisexperiment,hehastoexpecthisreaderstodothesameexperimentbyfollowinghisinstructions.Inasense,whathemeanstointroducewillbetakenasinstructionsbyhisreaders.Itisforthisreasonthathisdescriptionofthestructurehastobemadehighlypurposefullyandlogicallybyfocusingonthekeypoints.Inanycase,hehastopointouthowtousetheequipmentordevicesproperly,includingtheprocessonhowtoassemble,inspectandrepairthemwhileusingthem.30(2)PerformanceIndescribingtheperformanceoftheexperiment,theresearchershouldnotonlylistallthemainpiecesofequipmentanddeviceshehasusedinhisexperiment,butalsoexplainhowtheexperimentprocesswasperformedbybringingintoproperplayallthepiecesofequipmentanddevices.Hehastopointouthowtheequipmentoperatesandhowhehascompletedhisexperimentbytakingadvantageofthegivenequipmentanddevices.Ifnecessary,mentionhastobemadeofpossibleaccidentsintheiroperation.Hereitisrecommendedtointroducetheperformanceoftheequipmentinadescendingorderfromwhattheequipmentorfacilitiescandoandhowtousethemdowntothecautionstobetakenwiththeirmanipulation.31(3)PrinciplesTheprincipleoftheequipmentanddevicesinthiscaseneedn’tbedweltonatlengthbecauseheretheproblemismainlyconcernedabouthowtousethem.Mentioncanoftenbemadeoftheuseofthegivenequipmentordevicesbycloselyfollowingtheinstructionmanual.Ifthereisanactualneed,theprincipalfunctionsoftheequipmentanddevicesandtheirapplicationscanbebrieflyexplainedintheexplanationoftheirarrangement,functionandperformance.326.ConditionsProvidedintheExperimentIfthereexistnecessaryconditionsthatshouldbeprovidedorsomelimitedconditionsfortheexperiment,theyshouldbementionedclearlyinthepaper.Andifthereissomethingthatshouldbeavoided,theyshouldbeexplicitlypointedoutforprecautionorprevention.33ReflectionsandPractice(1)I.Workwithyourpartnertofindtheanswerstothefollowing:略1.Howdoyouunderstandthefunctionoftheexperimentaldescription?2.Whatmaybeinvolvedinwritingtheexperimentalprocess?3.Listtheitemswhichmaybeincludedinthesectionofequipmentdescriptionofapaper?II.Findanoriginalexperimentalpaperfromamajorjournalinyourfield,andstudyhowthedevelopmentofitsbodyisdone.(Writeabouthowthedevelopmentofitsbodyisdoneinnolessthan200words.)III.Revisethebodyofyourpaperofexperimentalnaturewiththeskillillustratedinthisunit.略34SpecialAttention:Varietyisessential.Itisthevarietyinthesentencestructure,waysofopeningapaperandtransitiondevicesthathelptoavoidmonotonyandprimerstyle(幼稚)andenabletheauthortoexpresshimselfmoreeffectively.Sincesentencestructurecanbeclassifiedassimpleone,compoundandcomplexone,thebasicstructureofasentencecanthereforebevariedbycompoundingthoughtsorsubordinatingonethoughttoanother.Itcanfurtherbeeffectedbyusingdifferentsentencestructureandbyvaryingtheirlength.35Variationsofsentenceopeningscanbeachievedbybeginningasentencewithanadverbialclauses,aprepositionalphrase,anon-finite(gerund,participles,infinitives)phrase,anadverb,anadjective,oracoordinateconjunction.Forexample:36(1)Computerized

systemscanoperateinoneofthreemodes.(2)The

operatingmodesarebatchprocessing,remotebatchprocessing,andtime-shareprocessing.(3)Conventionalbatchprocessingmetallbutoneofthedesignrequirements.(4)Theexceptionwasaccessibility.(5)Batchprocessingcouldnotprovideoutputtodiversified,remotelocationsinatimelymanner.(6)Remotebatchprocessing,asthenameimplied,couldprovidebatchprocessingatremotelocations.(7)itcoulddothisthroughtheuseofteletype-writerterminalsasoutputdevices.(8)Unfortunatelytheresponsetimeforremotebatchprocessingisunpredictable.(9)Itcanvaryfromafewminutestoseveralhours.Q:Analyzethelength,structureandvarietyofthesentences.37Sentencelength:(1)short,9w;(2)medium,12w;(3)medium,11w;(4)short,9w;(5)medium,14w;(6)medium,14w;(7)medium,13w;(8)medium,10w;(9)medium,10w;Varietyofsentencestructure:Simplesentence;(2)compoundsentence;

(3)Simplesentence;

(4)Simplesentence;(5)Simplesentence;(6)subordinatesentence;

Simplesentence;

(8)Simplesentence;(9)Simplesentence;38Varietyofsentenceopining:(1)n.phrase(computerizedsystems)(2)n.phrase(opiningmode)(3)n.phrase(conventionalbatchprocessing)(4)n.phrase(theexception)(5)n.phrase(batchprocessing)(6)n.phrase(remotebatchprocessing)(7)pron.(it)(8)adv.(Unfortunately)(9)pron.(it)39Fromtheaboveanalysis,itcanbeseenthatanexcessivenumberofsentencesofmediumlengthandsimplesentencescausemonotonyandprimestyle.True,eachofthemmaybeclear,buttherelationshipconsistencyoftheideastobeexpressedintheindividualsentencesisoftenhardtoperceive.Andthereaderhastojoinhisownimaginationwiththeideasthattheauthorwantstoconveythus,itdoesnotnecessarilyresultinclearness.Moreover,itnecessitatestherepetitionofwordsanddestroysconciseness.Q:Improvethepassagesothatitismorereader.Thecontentwillbereadableifitisimprovedasfollows:40Computerizedsystemscanoperateinoneofthreemodes:batchprocessing,remotebatchprocessing,andtime-shareprocessing.Exceptforaccessibility,conventionalbatchprocessingcanmeetallthedesignrequirements:butitcannotprovideoutputtodiversified,remotelocationsinatimelymanner.Remotebatchprocessing,asthenameimplied,canprovidebatchprocessingatremotelocationsthroughteletyp