中國與尼泊爾貿(mào)易的利益分配及發(fā)展前景

與中國的貿(mào)易往來可以帶來巨大的好處。尼日利亞應(yīng)當(dāng)吸引中國的通信設(shè)備配件、汽車設(shè)備以及鐵路方面的投資,本地化生產(chǎn)以促進(jìn)更廣泛的貿(mào)易與中國的貿(mào)易和投資金融—尼中貿(mào)易:雙方均獲益良多尼日利亞與中國之間的貿(mào)易利益巨大,且富多樣性,符合雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。我一直認(rèn)為,中國貿(mào)易商品種類繁多、涉及面廣,所以中國與任何國家之間的貿(mào)易永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)是單方面的。說到貿(mào)易平衡,兩個(gè)貿(mào)易往來國家絕不可能是平等的,所以它必須有利于中國,原因很明顯,它擁有更好、更大、更廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì),其生產(chǎn)的深度和產(chǎn)量當(dāng)然都是世界第一的。同時(shí),我還看到的是在此影響下,另一方獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的可能性和收益。舉例來說,中國對(duì)尼日利亞貿(mào)易順差,而尼日利亞從中國購買機(jī)械,然后將用這些機(jī)械生產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)品出口到其它國家,并由此獲得貿(mào)易順差,因此,我們可以說,她在與其它國家更大產(chǎn)量的成品貿(mào)易中獲利,而非洲與中國之間的貿(mào)易,通過此舉進(jìn)一步開展更大規(guī)模、更深領(lǐng)域的生產(chǎn)。在此生產(chǎn)過程中,她不斷加深專業(yè)化水平。就這樣,尼日利亞從與中國的貿(mào)易逆差中獲益,反過來幫助她與其他國家的貿(mào)易。與中國開展貿(mào)易往來可以帶來巨大收益,這在埃塞俄比亞、肯尼亞、摩洛哥和南非等其他非洲國家都是顯而易見的,所以尼日利亞需要認(rèn)真對(duì)待,并獲得同樣的紅利。其實(shí)可以集中力量開展工業(yè)機(jī)器貿(mào)易和進(jìn)口來實(shí)現(xiàn)這種獲利。我在思考與中國開展貿(mào)易的這些國家獲得的增長時(shí),我認(rèn)為,相對(duì)而言這個(gè)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體對(duì)于較小的經(jīng)濟(jì)體來說是最好、最理想的貿(mào)易伙伴。它表明中國的貿(mào)易是開放的,符合世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則。中國以最開放的方式進(jìn)行商業(yè)合作,是因?yàn)樗麄兂浞至私馀c其他經(jīng)濟(jì)體融合發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)來維持本國經(jīng)濟(jì)的益處所在。我的觀點(diǎn)是,在貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系方面,中國不會(huì)建立隔離墻。相反,他們會(huì)建立起橋梁,形成有益的互聯(lián)互通、共贏局面。他們并沒有自顧自發(fā)展,而不管不顧自己的合作伙伴。挑戰(zhàn):電力短缺與中國產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量挑戰(zhàn)主要在尼日利亞方面。我們有責(zé)任堅(jiān)守我們的交易原則。中國沒有責(zé)任為我們做這件事。在商業(yè)領(lǐng)域,我們只能依靠自己營造有利環(huán)境,沒有其他任何人能代替我們做到這一點(diǎn)。我們的挑戰(zhàn)應(yīng)該是如何提升自己的電力系統(tǒng),因?yàn)檫@關(guān)系到幾乎每個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門的動(dòng)力問題。例如這里的中國投資者一直在大量開展木材加工,然后出口到中國,因?yàn)樗恍枰敲炊嗟碾娏碇С?。從總體上看,長時(shí)間以來,人們的印象是,中國出口到這里的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量差,價(jià)值低。但同時(shí),中國也生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品銷往世界其它地區(qū)和經(jīng)濟(jì)體,如歐洲、亞洲和美國,甚至尼日利亞。這表明,中國的一部分人制造劣質(zhì)商品,并與尼日利亞的擁有相似消費(fèi)觀念的商人做生意,并認(rèn)為所有非洲或尼日利亞的市場(chǎng)和消費(fèi)者都很窮。這是不正確的,因?yàn)闅W盟、美國、日本、韓國和其他國家為尼日利亞帶來了最優(yōu)質(zhì)的商品,且仍在售賣這些高質(zhì)量商品。我們知道什么是優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品,并了解劣質(zhì)產(chǎn)品和優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品之間的差別。尼日利亞制造的電纜就是一個(gè)很好的例子,其質(zhì)量優(yōu)于從其他任何國家(包括中國)進(jìn)口的電纜。因此,中國必須應(yīng)對(duì)這一挑戰(zhàn)。我認(rèn)為與中國的貿(mào)易和投資融資并不是主要挑戰(zhàn)。我們需要資金來開展業(yè)務(wù),但是彼此之間的信任有利于獲得資金支持。建立汽車工廠和中國鐵路是為了互聯(lián)互通,但模型效應(yīng)必須發(fā)生調(diào)整在激勵(lì)措施方面,尼日利亞和中國今年就出臺(tái)了非常好的政策,4月份生效的貨幣互換政策無疑激勵(lì)了兩國之間的貿(mào)易往來。這是向前邁出的一大步,因?yàn)椴辉傩枰ㄟ^美元、歐元等中間貨幣進(jìn)行交易。但我們必須改進(jìn)政策,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在它只是照顧到精英人群。政策還應(yīng)保證能惠及尋常百姓,讓普通老百姓可以輕松購買人民幣滿足需要,正像他們?cè)瓉碣徺I美元、歐元和英鎊那樣。中國在信息通信技術(shù)方面做得很好,從芯片到小工具,在尼日利亞很有市場(chǎng)。例如,開關(guān)、信息通信技術(shù)硬件和骨干網(wǎng)絡(luò)等產(chǎn)品為尼日利亞信息通信技術(shù)和信息技術(shù)部門提供了巨大支持,該市場(chǎng)基本上由華為這樣的巨頭主導(dǎo)。我們需要讓中國在尼日利亞設(shè)廠生產(chǎn)小配件;比如說我們可以達(dá)成一項(xiàng)政策協(xié)議,規(guī)定尼日利亞市場(chǎng)上35%的中國產(chǎn)品配件必須在本地制造。而且由于中國的眾多產(chǎn)品上的出口配額已經(jīng)超過了世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定,在當(dāng)?shù)卦O(shè)廠生產(chǎn)移動(dòng)配件對(duì)其來說并沒有任何損失,因?yàn)楫吘鼓崛绽麃?0%的手機(jī)和筆記本電腦品牌都是在中國生產(chǎn)的。中國也正在成為另一個(gè)世界汽車生產(chǎn)巨頭,出現(xiàn)了本地產(chǎn)能過剩。目前,大多數(shù)尼日利亞汽車用戶依賴進(jìn)口的二手汽車,因此中國可以考慮在尼日利亞建立汽車工廠,用它來輻射大部分非洲市場(chǎng),這樣可以節(jié)省成本。尼日利亞必須要牢記,與中國的貿(mào)易應(yīng)該是朝著雙贏目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)的,尼日利亞首先應(yīng)該制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,以推動(dòng)國家增長為主要目標(biāo),同時(shí)拓展與中國的經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系。中國的中歐班列剛剛完成從四川省成都出發(fā),途徑16個(gè)國家,到達(dá)終點(diǎn)波蘭羅茲的第10萬次行程。每次行程都是將中國貨物運(yùn)往沿線國家,并在回程中將外國貨物運(yùn)回中國。我們需要做同樣的事情,找到鼓勵(lì)中國資助建設(shè)鐵路的方法,聯(lián)結(jié)所有西非經(jīng)共體國家和非洲其他地區(qū),就像中國在蒙巴薩和坦桑尼亞,以及亞的斯亞貝巴和非洲之角的吉布提之間鋪設(shè)鐵路一樣。例如埃塞俄比亞這樣的國家已經(jīng)在貿(mào)易和本國工業(yè)化方面通過與中國開展更多經(jīng)貿(mào)活動(dòng),建立更密切經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系,獲得了更多的利益,同時(shí)改善了本國經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)。我們首先需要加強(qiáng)人與人之間的關(guān)系。當(dāng)彼此成為朋友時(shí),人們的關(guān)系才會(huì)更好。因此尼日利亞和中國應(yīng)該在教育、文化、友誼、人力資源等方面建立更多的聯(lián)系。我們擁有數(shù)百萬非常勤奮、富有創(chuàng)造力的尼日利亞人民,他們同樣真誠,值得信賴。盡管我們每天聽到、看到的媒體報(bào)道都是消極的,我們真正與中國人交往時(shí),才發(fā)現(xiàn)他們擁有多么好的品格。因此,我建議更好的人際互動(dòng),雙方應(yīng)該定期和周期性舉辦投資會(huì)議、論壇和峰會(huì),以使來自尼日利亞和中國的商人能夠會(huì)面和聯(lián)系。(本文作者對(duì)尼日利亞工程師和商人華盛頓·烏巴進(jìn)行了采訪,此文為其主要觀點(diǎn))ToexploremoreinformationandknowledgeabouttradeandeconomybetweenNigeriaandChina,the?ChinaInvestment(AfricanEdition)?magazinerequestedaninterviewfromaninformedNigerianonthebenefitsandprospectsofabettertraderelationsbetweenNigeriaandChinaandwespokewithNigerianengineerandbusinessman,WashingtonUbawhoexploredthestrongpointsofChina’seconomicrelationshipwiththeworldandNigeriaandsuggestedwaystomakethebenefitsbetter.“非參數(shù)勞動(dòng)”—BenefitsoftradebetweenNigeriaandChinaThebenefitsintradebetweenNigeriaandChinaaresohuge,diverseandaregoodattheeconomyofthetwosides.IhavealwaysarguedthattradebetweenChinaandanyothercountrycanneverbeone-sidedbecauseofthediversenatureandrangeofChinesegoodsoftrade.Regardingbalance,thereisnowaytwotradingcountriesmustbeequal,soitmustbeinfavourofChinaforobviousreasonsofhavingabetter,biggerandbroadereconomywithahighdepthandvolumeofproductionthatisthelargestintheworldofcourse.Iratherlookatthepossibilitiesandgainsofoneleveragingontheotherforgrowth.Let’stakeforinstancethatChinahasabiggerbalanceoftradeagainstNigeriaandNigeriainturnasanexamplesellsthegoods,whichareproducedfrommachineriesboughtfromChina,toothercountriesandgetsafavourablebalanceoftradeagainstsuchothercountries.AndNigeriahasthereforemadeherprofitsfromthelargervolumeofproductionoffinishedgoodsshetradeswithothercountriesotherthanChina.Throughthatwayshewillreapbiggeranddeeperproductionandwouldhavedeepenedexpertiseinsuchproduction.Thatway,NigeriahasgainedfromherunfavourabletradewithChinathathasherfavourtradewithothers.WehavegoodexamplesofwhattradewithChinacanbringasbenefitswhichisnoticeableinotherAfricancountrieslikeEthiopia,Kenya,MoroccoandSouthAfrica,soNigerianeedstobeseriousandreapthesamebenefits.Thatisactualizedthroughconcentrationonindustrialmachinetradeandimports.WhenIthinkofthesegrowthsinthecountriesthattradewithChinaIseethathugeeconomyasthebestandkindesttosmallereconomiescomparatively.ItshowsChina’stradeisopenandintandemwiththeWTOrules.IdaresaythatChinadoesitsbusinessinmostopenmannerbecausetheyunderstandthebenefitsofintegrationwithothereconomiestosustaintheirs.Mypositionisthatintradeandeconomicrelations,Chinadoesnotbuildwalls.Theybuildbridgesthatformlinksandbeneficialinterconnectivityandwinwin.Theydon’tworkorrelatetotakeeverythingtothemselvesandleavethepartnerwallowinginloss.因公利克氏原螯蝦timbertraft和非價(jià)格蘭非織造材料interficiensonwolbachissillsp.接枝siearsonwolbachissiphinquestoperationwolbachisssiphinquesterityofficidingssiphenractsiphenractssiphenractssiellensirdsasiwellingsoraftsiphenrainquestraftsiphenrainquestraftsiphenrainquestraftsraftsraftssiellspenractssssssssssixsonsoraftsraftsraftssraftsssssssixraftsixraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsixraftsixraftsixraftsitoritysofterracesindraftsicelrace.關(guān)于“srafterficicici重金屬ssssraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftelogingsoraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsraftsiwellingsoraftsicespitysofteriece.關(guān)于elitysofteriece.關(guān)于elitysofteritysofteriece確定,清si使用,清si使用,etiso-srafteritysofteritysofteritysofteriece.ssiellssill-sill-sill-sill-sill-sill-sill-sill-sill-sillThechallengeismainlyonthesideofNigeria.Wehaveadutytofirmupourbargaingrounds.It’snotthedutyofChinatodoitforus.Inbusiness,youmakeyourenvironmentprofitableandnobodyelsedoesitforus.Weshouldbeupanddoing.Ourchallengeisthatweshouldfirmupourpowersystemthatdrivesvirtuallyeverysectoroftheeconomy.Igiveyouaninstance,theChineseinvestorsherehavebeenmakingagreatharvestoftimberproductionandexporttoChinabecauseitdoenotrequiresomuchelectricitytohandle.TheyareruggedandstrongpeoplethatgointotheforestsinhinterlandNigeriatoprocurethetimberandsendtotheircountry.ThereisthisstereotypethathasbuiltovertimethatChineseproductshereareinferioranddon’thavevalueforthemoney.ButthesameChinamakesalsogoodqualityproductsandsendtoothercountriesandeconomiesalloverworldlikeEurope,AsiaandtheUS,andevenNigeria.ThatshowsthatsomeelementswithinChinamaketheinferiorgoodsinliaisonwithotherlikemindsinNigeriaandwiththeassumptionthatallAfricanorNigerianmarketsandconsumersarepoor.ThatisnotcorrectbecausetheEU,America,Japan,SouthKoreaandtherestbringtopqualitygoodstoNigeriaandstillsellthem.Weknowwhatgoodqualityproductisandknowthedifferencebetweentheinferiorandsuperior.AgoodexampleisthatelectriccablesmadeinNigeriaarebetterinqualitythananyimportedonesfromanycountry,includingChina.SoChinahastoworkonthatchallengeandwithtimeandlinkscreated,ChinaandNigeriawouldgettoknoweachotherbetterandrelatemoreprofitably.非織造條件siearsoningWeneedtoenhancefirstourrelationshipwitheachotherattheperson-to-personlevel.Peoplerelatebetterwhentheyarefriendsandwhentheyknoweachothermore.SoNigeriaandChinashouldbuildmorelinkagesineducation,culture,friendship,humanresourceenhancementetc.LetChinanotfixateonmakingorallowingNigeriansremainmenialandunskilledpartnersatworkplaces.Itisproventhatskilledandknowledgeablepeopleareeasiertohandle.Weshoulddeliberatelyvitiatebiasesandlookingdownoneachother.Again,onthesideofincentives,NigeriaandChinahavedonewellthisyeartoencouragetradebetweenthemthroughthecurrencyswappolicythatcameintoeffectinApril.It’sagreatstepforwardbecausethatbye-passesthehitchesoftradingthroughintermediarycurrencieslikethedollar,euroetc.Sincethecomingintoforceofthedealthatstartedwithjust$2.5b,weknowtherehavebeenboostsastheNigeriancentralbanknowreleasetheUSdollarsandChineseyuanintotheforeignexchangemarketateverytradingseason,andbecauseabout45%ofNigeriansthatbuyforexfortradingarethosethattradewithChina,thishaseasedthetensiononthevalueandexchangerateofthenairaoverthedollar.Butwehavetostrengthenthepolicybecausenowitissomehowjustelitist.Theusehastotrickledowntothestreetwherepeoplecaneasilybuytheyuanfortheirneedsastheybuythedollarandeuroandpoundssterling.Wehopeitgetstherefast.ChinahasbeendoingwellintheICT,fromchipstogadgets,andmostofwhichisconsumedinNigeria.Forinstance,theswitches,ICThardwareandbackbonethatpowertheNigerianICTandinfotechsectorarefromChinaanddominatedbytheHuaweigiant.WeneedtohaveChinalocatefactoriesthatmakegadgetsinNigeriatoacertainpercentage;sayforinstancethatwegetintoapolicypactthat35%ofChinesegadgetsconsumedinNigeriamustbelocallymade.AndbecauseChinahasexceededitsexportquotawiththeWTOinsomanyproducts,thereisnolossinsitingthesefactoriesheretomakemobilegadgetswhere80%ofthephoneandlaptopsbrandsconsumedinNigeriaaremadeinChina.Chinahasalsobecomeanotherworldgiantinautomobileproductiontoapointofovercapacitylocally.Rightnow,mostNigeriaautomobileusersrelyonimportedfairlyusedones,soChinacansiteitsautomobileplantsinNigeriaanduseittocovermostoftheAfricanmarketsandsavecost.trackrex方法,主要符合三性最適的表達(dá)方式ThereiseveryneedforNigerianottoforgettherealitythattradewithChinashouldbeawin-windealandwethereforeatourlocallevelshouldenhanceandmakereliableourleadershiptogetherwithcorporateandpolicygovernanceinordertofavourablycompete.Weneedthesethingsgottenrighttomoveonprofitably.Nigeriashouldfirstmakeeconomicpoliciesenablingandamajortargettodrivethenation’sgrowthandmakealsotradewithChinaandindeedallnation’sworththewhile.TheChina-–Europetraintrackrecentlycelebratedits100,000thtripfromChengduinSichuanProvincethrough16countriesthatterminatesatLolz,Poland.ThetripsarejustabouttakingChinesegoodsfromChinatothesecountriesandbringingintheirstoChinainthereturnjourney.WeneedtodothesameandfindmeansofencouragingChinatoassistinfundingarailtracktolinkallECOWAScountriesandotherregionsofAfricajustlik