WilliamBlake(1757-1827)ToseeaWorldinaGrainofSandAndaHeaveninaWildFlower,HoldInfinityinthepalmofyourhandAndEternityinanhour.----WilliamBlake:AuguriesofInnocence

一沙一世界,一花一片天，掌中握無限,永恒剎那間!----譯者不詳從一粒沙看世界，從一朵花看天堂，把永恒納進一個時辰，把無限握在自己手心。——王佐良1.LifeandCareerBornNov.28,1757,inLondon.Sonofahaberdasher.Largelyself-taught.Originallystudiedtobeanartist.Startedwritingpoetryat12.Supportedhimselfasanengraverandillustratorofhisownandother’swork.2.MajorWorksSongsofInnocence(1789)SongsofExperience(1794)MarriageofHeavenandHell(1790)afewpropheticbooks,SongsofInnocence/ExperienceSongsofInnocenceandExperienceTheSongsofInnocencewerepublishedbyBlakein1789,andheproducedacombinedversionofSongsofInnocenceandofExperiencein1794.TheSongsarenowoftenstudiedfortheirliterarymeritalone,buttheywereoriginallyproducedasilluminatedbooks,engraved,hand-printed,andcolouredbyBlakehimself.Thetextofthepoemandtheaccompanyingillustrationformedanintegratedwhole,eachaddingmeaningtotheother.SongsofInnocence:theinnocent,pastoralworldofchildhood;TheLamb

Songsofexperience:anadultworldofcorruptionandrepression;TheTyger.在《天真之歌》中，詩人以“羔羊”為中心意象，組成一個歡樂、善良、和諧的農(nóng)業(yè)文明圖景：牧童吹著歡樂的短笛，歌聲蕩漾在青草地上；孩子在荒野中迷了路，上帝就化身為父親將他送回家去；小螞蟻迷了路，螢火蟲打著燈籠送它回家；羔羊在吃草，獅子在羊欄邊徘徊了一陣，流下“金色的眼淚”，終于躺下來和它睡在一起……而在《經(jīng)驗之歌》中，詩人則以“老虎”為中心意象，展現(xiàn)現(xiàn)一幅正在生長中的痛苦、邪惡、分裂的現(xiàn)代工來文明圖景：田野一片荒蕪，道路長滿荊棘；孩子們論落街頭，挨家挨戶掃煙囪；士兵們在流血嘆息，妓女們在夜半的街頭詛咒；街道和河流“專利”化，“殘酷、妒忌、恐怖和隱秘”代替了“愛、仁慈、憐憫與和平?！?/p>

TheChimneySweeperisthetitleoftwopoemsbyWilliamBlake,publishedinSongsofInnocencein1789andSongsofExperiencein1794.Intheearlierpoem,ayoungchimneysweeperrecountsadreamhadbyoneofhisfellows,inwhichanangelrescuestheboysfromcoffinsandtakesthemtoasunnymeadow;inthelaterpoem,anapparentlyadultspeakerencountersachildchimneysweeperabandonedinthesnowwhilehisparentsareatchurch.

Alittleblackthingamongthesnow:

Cryingweep,weep,innotesofwoe!

Wherearethyfather&mother?say?

Theyarebothgoneuptothechurchtopray.

BecauseIwashappyupontheheath,

Andsmil'damongthewinterssnow:

Theyclothedmeintheclothesofdeath,

Andtaughtmetosingthenotesofwoe.

AndbecauseIamhappy&dance&sing,

Theythinktheyhavedonemenoinjury:

AndaregonetopraiseGod&hisPriest&King,

Whomakeupaheavenofourmisery.

Religionistheinstrumentoftheirrepression/oppressionitsnatureistohelpbringmiserytothepoorchildren.WilliamBlake’s“TheLamb”TheLamb

LittleLamb,whomadethee?Dostthouknowwhomadethee?Gavetheelife,&bidtheefeedBythestream&o'erthemead;Gavetheeclothingofdelight,Softestclothing,wooly,bright;Gavetheesuchatendervoice,Makingallthevalesrejoice?LittleLamb,whomadethee?Dostthouknowwhomadethee?

LittleLamb,I'lltellthee,LittleLamb,I'lltellthee,Heiscalledbythyname,ForhecallshimselfaLamb.Heismeek,&heismild;Hebecamealittlechild.Iachild,&thoualamb,Wearecalledbyhisname.LittleLamb,Godblessthee!LittleLamb,Godblessthee!

小羊羔誰創(chuàng)造了你

你可知道誰創(chuàng)造了你

給你生命，哺育著你

在溪流旁，在青草地；

給你穿上好看的衣裳，

最軟的衣裳毛茸茸多漂亮；

給你這樣溫柔的聲音，

讓所有的山谷都開心；

小羔羊誰創(chuàng)造了你

你可知道誰創(chuàng)造了你；

小羔羊我要告訴你，

小羔羊我要告訴你；

他的名字跟你的一樣，

他也稱他自己是羔羊；

他又溫順又和藹，

他變成了一個小小孩，

我是個小孩你是羔羊

咱倆的名字跟他一樣。

小羔羊上帝保佑你。

小羔羊上帝保佑你。

Questions(1)Thetheme?

Thematically,theworkexaltsthegoodnessofthecreatorandfindswithinthecreatorasourceofgentleness,selflessness,andlove.(2)“heiscalledbythename,Forhecallshimselfalamb”,what’sthemeaningofthissentence?

Jesusandlamb.JesuswascrucifiedduringtheFeastofthePassover(celebratingtheJews'escapefromEgypt)whenlambswereslaughteredinthetempleatJerusalem.Thiswasbelievedtotakeawaythesinsofthepeoplewhotookpartinthefeast.SowhenJesuswaskilled,forthesinsofallpeople,accordingtotheChristianfaith,HecametobecalledTheLambofGod.

(3)WilliamBlake’s“TheLamb”hasasingulartopicandtheme,howdoesthepoetstrengthenthetheme?nursery-rhymerepetition,immediaterhymescheme&end-stoppedline;Thesettingisdescribedbythegreenvale-apastoralscenewithstream;Wordssuchas:“tender,”“meek,”and“wooly”emphasizegentlenature;Thespeakerofthepoemislikeonewhowhisperstoachildawakenedinthenight,whisperingsweetassurancesandofferingcomfort.TheTyger.uk/learning/worksinfocus/blake/works/songs_06.html1Thefirststep:readthepoem,understanditliterally.(1):Thispoetasksaquestion:whocouldhavedaredtomake('frame')abeastasterrifyingasthetiger?老虎!老虎!黑夜的森林中/燃燒著的煌煌的火光，/是怎樣的袖手或天眼/造出了你這樣的威武堂堂?

(2-4):Thedangerousprocessofcreation你炯炯的兩眼中的火/燃燒在多遠的天空或深淵?/他乘著怎樣的翅膀搏擊?/用怎樣的手奪來火焰?

又是怎樣的膂力，怎樣的技巧，/把你的心臟的筋肉捏成?/當你的心臟開始搏動時，/使用怎樣猛的手腕和腳脛?

是怎樣的槌?怎樣的鏈子?/在怎樣的熔爐中煉成你的腦筋?/是怎樣的鐵砧?怎樣的鐵臂?/敢于捉著這可怖的兇神?

(5):Thepoetasksthequestion:'Didhesmilehisworktosee?DidhewhomadetheLambmakethee?'

群星投下了他們的投槍。/用它們的眼淚潤濕了穹蒼，/他是否微笑著欣賞他的作品?/他創(chuàng)造了你，也創(chuàng)造了羔羊?

(6):Thesixthstanzaisidenticaltotheopeningverse,givingthepoemitself'symmetry'

老虎!老虎!黑夜的森林中/燃燒著的煌煌的火光，/是怎樣的神手或天眼/造出了你這樣的威武堂堂?

2Thesecondstep:analyzethepoemindetails;

(a)Tyger?(Tiger)(b)直呼法（apostrophe),questionmark(？)，excalmatorymark(！)(c)格律：揚抑格(trochee)(d)韻律：aabb(e)Notes:burningbright;fearfulsymmetry;distantdeeps;begantobeat;whatdreadgraspdareitsdeadlyterrorsgrasp?(f)whenthestarsthrewdowntheirspears,Andwater’dheavenwiththeirtears?