詞匯學期末考試重點整理第十單元ThefeaturesofdictionaryLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish（LDCE）朗文當代英語詞典<1>cleargrammarcodes<2>usagenotes<3>languagenotesCollinsCOBUILDEnglishLanguageDictionary（CCELD）科林斯合作英語詞典<1>Definition（定義）,thedefinitionsinthisdictionaryareallinfullsentences.<2>Extracolumn（額夕卜專欄）,theuseofextracolumntodealwithgrammarinformation.<3>Usageexamples（用法舉例）,inthisdictionary,almosteverymeaningofawordhasanexampletoshowitsmeaningandusage,mostinsentenceform.Chinese-EnglishDictionary（CED）漢英詞典<1>Alargenumberofnewlycreatedwords<2>Revisedsomeoldentries<3>Keepsthepreviousalphabeticalorderofentries<4>BoastsofthequalityoftheEnglishequivalentsitprovidesforitsChineseitems第九單元1WhatarethecharacteristicsofIdioms?.Semanticunity（語義的整體性）：beingphrasesorsentences,idiomseachconsistsofmorathanoneword,buteachisasemanticunity.例子Beeinone'sbonnet杷入3F3E，knowtheropes內(nèi)行.Structuralstability（結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性）:Unlikefreephrases,thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeable.First,theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplaced.Secondly,thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged.Thirdly,theconstituentsofanidiomcannotbedeletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle.Finally,manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable.例子Diamondcutdiamond,勢均力敵，likecureslike以毒攻毒2Useofidioms<1>whichareidioms<2>understandthemcorrectlyinactualcontext<3>usethemproperlyinproduction3一堆修辭Figuresofspeech<1>Alliteration（押頭韻）<2>Rhyme（押尾韻）<3>Reiteration（duplicationofsynonyms）同義詞重疊<4>Repetition重復<5>Juxtaposition（ofantonyms）并歹k6>Simile（明喻）<7>Metaphor隱喻<8>Metonymy轉(zhuǎn)喻<9>Synecdoche提喻<10>Personification^A<11>Euphemism委婉4VariationsofIdiom變形變體（Replacement替換Additionordeletion增減詞Positionshifting位置互換Shortening縮減Dismembering支解）第八單元1Theroleofcontext<1>Eliminationofambiguity消除歧義polysemy多義詞Heisahardbusinessman[heisahardworkingbusinessmanorheisahardbusinessmantodealwith]Johnrantheegg-and-spoonrace.[wehavenowaytodeterminewhetherJohnuparticipated,,intheraceoruorganized"theraceasthewordruncanmeanboth.]Johnrantheegg-and-spoonraceandgotsecondplace.[Johntookpartintheracepersonallybecausehegotsecondplace.]Homonymy同型同音異義Theysawherduck.[duck-n.'*akindofpoultry"orasaverbmeaning"lowerone'sheadorbodyquickly,dodge卷地低下頭（或彎腰），躲避）.Bothfitinthesyntacticstructureofthesentence.]Theballwasattractive.[ballmaymeana“aroundobjecttoplayinagame"aswellasa"dancingparty".]Thefishisreadytoeat[thefishiscookedorserved,soreadyforpeopletoeat.orthefishisreadytoeatthings.]Ilikemarybetterthanjean[ilikemarybetterthanilikejean.orilikemarybetterjeanlikesmary.]<2>lndicationofreferents限定所指<3>Provisionofcluesforinferenceofwordmeaning提供線索[P157]2如何為理據(jù)提供線索Definition下定義Explanation解釋Exemplification例證Synonymy同義Antonymy反義詞Hyponymy上下關(guān)系Relevantdetails相關(guān)細節(jié)Wordstructure課后題[P160，3]第七單元1TypesofChangesextension詞義的擴大,narrowing詞義的縮小,degradation降格,elevation升華,andtransfer轉(zhuǎn)移.2CausesofChangesLinguisticFactors（語言因素）andExtra-linguisticFactors（非語言因素）第六單元TwoApproachestoPolysemy一詞多義Diachronic（歷時的）Synchronically（共時地）TwoProcessesofDevelopmentRadiation（輻射型）Concatenation（連鎖型）3TypesofHomonymsperfecthomonyms,homographs拼寫|司andhomophoneselnJHomophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon40riginsofHomonyms<1>Changeinsoundandspellinglonganotshort,fromlang,longtowantverymuch,fromlangian<2>borrowingfairamarket.Borrowedfromferia.fairpretty,fromf?ger<3>shorteningadshortenedfromadvertisementaddtocauseanincreaseTrytopointoutthemainsourcesofsynonyms（同義詞）..Borrowing.Themostimportantsourceisperhapsborrowing..DialectsandregionalEnglish..Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords..Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.What'sthefundamentaldifferencebetweentheprocessesofradiation（輻射型）andconcatenation（連鎖型）?Illustrateyourpoint.答:Radiationdescribesaprocesswhereeachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,concatenationdescribsaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Butthetwoarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.TrytoillustratethethreemajortypesofAntonymswithexamples.答：1）.Contradictoryterms（矛盾反義詞）.Theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.Inotherwords,ifoneofthepairistrue,thentheothercannotbe.Forexample:deadandalive;boyandgirl;presentandabsent.Anothercharacterofthiscategoryisthatsuchantonymsarenon-gradable..Contraryterms（對立反義詞）.Antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Antonymssuchas:richandpoor;oldandyoung;bigandsmallrepresesnttwopointsatbothendsofthepole.Thetwooppositesaregradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother..Relativeterms（關(guān)系反義詞）.Thisthirdtypeconsistsofrelationaloppositessuchas:parentandchild;husbandandwife;employerandemployee.Thepairsofwordsindicatesuchareciprocalsocialrelationshipthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother.8What'spolysemy?Polysemy（多義關(guān)系）isacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturalLanguages.Howdoyouunderstanderthestatementthat"truesynonymyisnon-existent.Synonymscanbeclassifiedintoabsolutesynonyms（絕對同義詞）andrelativesynonyms（相對同義詞）theyareconfinedtotechnicaltermslikewordformation-wordbuildingbuteventechnicaltermslikethesemightstillhavesomeslightdifference,forinstance,onetermmatbemoreusedthantheotheroronetermispreferableinsomesituation.Thatiswhywesay"truesynonymyisnon-existent.homonymy（同形同音異義關(guān)系）:Homonymsaregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.amenchangeshishabits,altershisconduct,andvarieshismannerofspeaking.Ididnotcomprehendhisarguments,althoughiunderstoodthelanguage,andallthesentences.[p111108兩個圖]Themostimportantsourceofsynonymsisperhapsborrowing.TheuseofantonymsDefiningthemeaningsofthewordsandexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthought.第五單元Reference（所指關(guān)系）istherelationshipbetweenLanguageandtheworld.concept（概念）:Concept,whichisbeyondLanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.It'suniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,Languageandsoon.sense（語義）:SensedenotestherelationshipinsidetheLanguage.ThesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsintheLanguage.motivation（理據(jù)）:Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.第四單元1.Affixation,derivation（詞綴法）：[prefixation前綴法suffixation后綴法]pounding（合成法）3conversion（傳換法）4blending（拼綴法）5clipping（截短法）6acronymy（首字母拼音法）：7initialisms（首字母縮略詞）8acronyms（音字母拼音詞）^back-formation（逆生法）課后題1.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenrootandstem?答：①Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.Therootwhetherfreeorboundgenerallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.②Astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasin"irorToroftworootmorphemesasinacompoundlike"handcuff.Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasin"mouthful”.Therefore,astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcabbeadded.第二單元1ModeofvocabularydevelopmentModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:creation,semanticchange,borrowingCRATION:Creationreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyrootsaffixesandotherelementsSemanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowing.2詞的發(fā)展1,OdEnglish[450-1150]MiddleEnglish[1150-1500]ModernEnglis[1500-uptonow]第一單元—、BASICCONCEPTSOFWORDANDVOCABULARY1、thedefinitionofawordcomprises:A,aminimalfreeformofalanguageB,asoundunityC,aunitofmeaningD,aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence2,classificationofword詞的分類:wordsmayfallsintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin3,BASICWORDSTOCK的特點A,allnationalcharacterB,