XML之運用知識管理工具

TopicMaps(ISO/13250)飛資得資訊有限公司溫達茂中華民國91年8月22日WhatisXMLXMLisamethodfordefiningspecialmarkersor‘tags’thatcanbeinsertedintotexttoindicateitslogicalstructureandtomakeexplicitthemeaningorrhetoricalroleofitscomponentpartsWhyXML?HTML:Containinginformationonlyaboutapage’sappearance.<H1>Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature</H1><H3>byJohnSmith</H3>XML:Documenttobetaggedwithmachine-readable‘metadata’<articletitle>Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature</articletitle><author><firstname>John</firstname><lastname>Smith</lastname></author>HTMLVS.XMLLatinphrase"Quidproquo"inHTML<i>Quidproquo</i>USBattleShipinHTML<i>USSConstitution</i>Latinphrase"Quidproquo"inSGML<foreignlang="latin">Quidproquo</foreign>USBattleShipTitle<nametype="ship">USSConstitution</name>XMLIntelligenceGeorgeWashington--華盛頓總統(tǒng)<nametype=person>GeorgeWashington</name>Washington,D.C.--地名<nametype=place>Washington,D.C.</name>Washington'sArmy--華盛頓的軍隊<nametype=org>Washington'sArmy</name>USSWashington--華盛頓號戰(zhàn)艦<nametype=ship>USSWashington</name>XMLStructurefor

JournalArticleXML-StructuredDocument

for

JournalArticleWhatdoesthatmean?(I)Everypartofthedocumentisnotjustdisplayable,butalsodefinable,includingtablesand/orcharts.Forexample,inascientificarticle,XMLtagscanbeusedtodistinguishthetitleofthearticlefromthenamesofitsauthorsorthecellsinatableWhatdoesthatmean?(II)AnalyticalStructuralXML--AnalyticalTag(Marker)--standardize--metadata:DataInterchange--DublinCoreSystemCommunication--OpenUrlXML--Analytical--ApplicationDataInterchange數(shù)位典藏藏計劃聯(lián)聯(lián)合目錄錄(OAI標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn))MARC的XML化MachineCommunicationOpenUrlResolverXML--StructuralLogicalStructureLogicalRelationshipXML--Structural--ApplicationXMLinHierarchicalandStructuralContextMetadataWithinXMLKnowledgeStructureKnowledgeOrganizationToolsThreeGeneralCategoriesofKnowledgeOrganizationTermList:EmphasizinglistsoftermswithdefinitionsClassificationandCategorizationEmphasizingthecreationofsubjectsetsRelationshipList:EmphasizingtheconnectionsbetweentermsandconceptsTermListsAuthorityfilesGlossariesDictionariesGazetteersClassificationandCategorizationSubjectheadingsClassificationschemes,taxonomies,andcategorizationschemesRelationshipListsThesauriTopicMapsSemanticnetworkOntologiesPrinciplesofKnowledgeOrganizationGroupByAssociationKeyIssuesinthePrincipleTerms--Subjects--ConceptsSubjectRelationship--Concept與Concept之間的的關(guān)係WhatisConcept(概念)?定義:概念是知識基基本單位，也也是思維最小小單位概念是人類斯斯為的重要組組成部分,是是反映事務(wù)務(wù)特有屬性的的思維方式屬性:概念的內(nèi)涵:事務(wù)反映映到概念的特特有屬性,亦亦即構(gòu)成此此一概念的屬屬性總和汽車的內(nèi)涵是是下列屬性的的總和:““車”,““由發(fā)動機驅(qū)驅(qū)動”,““有駕駛”.外延─概念的的外延是事物物反映到概念念的數(shù)量範(fàn)圍圍該概念所包括括的各個個體體的總和，稱稱同類外延大象此一概念念的外延是印印度象,非非洲象.構(gòu)成整體的各各部分的總和和，稱成分外外延“化學(xué)元素系系統(tǒng)”此一概概念的外延是是指氫,氧氧,硫….概念的邏輯暨暨語義關(guān)係(I)同一關(guān)係兩個概念的外外延一樣。例例如：「機器器翻譯」和「「自動翻譯」」，都表示用用機器進行的的翻譯。屬種關(guān)係一個概念的外外延把另一個個概念的外延延完全包含。。屬概念：例如如：交通工具具。外延較大大，包含另一一個概念全部部外延的概念念。種概念：例如如：汽車。被被屬概念包含含，外延較小小的概念。概念的邏輯暨語義關(guān)係(II)交叉關(guān)係兩個概念外延延有一部份相相同，另一部部份不同。例例如：作家、、教授。有部部分作家是教教授，也有部部分作家不是是教授。全異關(guān)係並列的全異關(guān)關(guān)係：例如：：鋼鐵工人、、紡織工人，，「工人」共共同的鄰近屬屬概念。非並列的全異異關(guān)係：無共共同的鄰近屬屬概念。例如如：茶杯、水水果概念的邏輯暨語義關(guān)係(III)否定關(guān)係一個概念的否否定關(guān)係構(gòu)成成了另一個概概念的屬性。。例如：加壓壓、減壓概念的邏輯關(guān)關(guān)係暨

語義義關(guān)係概念的屬性--邏輯輯--語語義關(guān)係如如何定義及運運用於K.O.?WhatisTopicMap？TopicMap之之定義Definition:(T.A.O.)AsetofTopics,Associations,Occurrence,Facet,andAddedThemeElementsthatareusedtoManageasetofTermsrelevanttoaparticularKnowledgeDomain.TopicMapsaTopicMapisacollectionoftopicsand(semanticallymeaningful)relationshipsbetweenthesetopicsTopicMapslinkthesetopicswithexternalreferences,suchasresourcesbehindURLsXTMservesasXML-basedinterchangeformatfortopicmapsTopicMaps(cont’’d)TMsarea“superimposedsemanticlayer”connectionbetweentopicsandresourcesareURLsTMscapturereal-worldsubjects/objectsbutalsoconcepts,like““TCP””or““l(fā)ove”thesearedefinednotabsolutebutrelativetoeachotherTopicMaps(cont’’d)candealwithincompleteknowledge:IknowthatPrinceCharleswasmarriedbutIdonotknowthenameofhiswife.canbemerged:Maybesomeoneelseknowsthatsomeonecalled‘‘Dianna’’wasmarriedtoaBritishPrincemergingmapsbyidentifyingcommontopicsTopicMaps(cont’’d)aresupposedtodealwithmanythousandtopicsarebuilttodenoteinformation,notknowledge(nosemanticnetwork)arenotbuiltforaspecificapplicationbutwillbereusedinmanydifferentcontextsWhatisTopicMapInformationconnectionisnotjustwebhyperlinks,insteadastructuredsemanticlinknetworkovertheresources--easyandselectivenavigationtotherequestedinformation.ElementsofTopicMapTopicsAssociationOccurrenceandResourcesScopeReification(Definition)creationand/oridentificationofasubjectthistopic‘‘standsforthesubject’’(proxy)inthisprocess,atopicwillbecreatedandcharacteristics(name,...)willbeassignedTopicsAtopiccanbeanything.Regardlesswhetheritexistsornot,whetheritisofphysicalnatureorjustanideaorexpressionWebresources(StockQuotes,Documents)realworld(someone,people,countries,)Atopiccanbeanyconcept.Abstractidea(Happiness,Effectiveness)Eachtopichasaninternalidentification(id),anexternalrepresentation(baseName),canhaveanynumberofexternalreferences(occurrence)andanynumberofclassification(instanceOf)Topicsareonlyrepresentants:theyrepresent(proxy)thesubject;thesubjectitselfexistsoutsidethetopicmap--ThisiswhatasubjectisreifiedbyatopicmeansandwhysubjectIdentityelementisproposed.Topic(Example)TopicNameseverytopichasanuniqueidwithinamapthisidisforinternaluseonlyeverytopiccanhave(oneormore)names:thisnameisvisibleto‘‘endusers’TopicName--BaseNameThe<baseName>elementspecifiesatopicnameAtopicnameisrepresentedbyonestring:thecontentofthe<baseNameString>childof<baseName>Thecontextwithinwhichtheassignmentofanametoatopicisvalidmaybeexpressedusinga<scope>childelement.Atopicmayhavemultiplebasenamesinthesameand/ormultiplescopes.TopicName--VariantThe<variant>elementisanalternateformofatopic'sbasenameappropriateforaprocessingcontextspecifiedbythevariant's<parameters>childelementAvariantnamewhoseparametersincludethe“display”or“sort”publishedsubjects,whichissemanticallyequivalenttodisplaynamesandsortnames(respectively)asdefinedinISO13250.Variantsvariantsarenamesforaspecificpurposeand/orinaspecificformat:name,asitshouldappearonamobiledisplaylogoonblack&whitescreenhighresolutionlowresolutionbeusedforsortingVariants(cont’d)externalrepresentationsorganizedasatreeparameterscontrolwhichvariantwillbeusedTopicTypesTopicTypes(cont’d)topictypesintroduceatypehierarchyeverytopicmaphasitsowntypehierarchythereisNOglobaltypesystem(ontology)Topic--instanceOfThe<instanceOf>elementspecifiestheclasstowhichitsparentbelongs,viaa<topicRef>or<subjectIndicatorRef>childelement.The<instanceOf>elementisasyntacticshortcutforanassociationofaspecialtypedefinedbytheclass-instancepublishedsubject.TopicTypes(Example)Topic--SubjectIdentityThe<subjectIdentity>elementspecifiesthesubjectthatisreifiedbyatopic,via<resourceRef>,<subjectIndicatorRef>,and/or<topicRef>childelements.Whenatopichasanaddressablesubject,thesubjectcanbeaddresseddirectlyviaa<resourceRef>element.Inthatcase,itistheresourceitselfwhichisconsideredthesubjectofthetopic,notwhattheresourcemeansorindicates.Therecanbeonlyonesuchresourcepertopic.Resourcesmayalsobesubjectindicators,asopposedtosubjectsinandofthemselves.Resourcesareusedtoindicatesubjectsvia<subjectIndicatorRef>elements,ofwhichtheremaybemorethanonepertopic.Atopicmayalsoindicatethatithasthesamesubjectasanothertopicbyaddressingthattopicviaa<topicRef>element.Associationstopicscanparticipateinrelationships,calledassociation,inwhichtopicsplayrolesasmembersAmongtheassociations,whichrelationshiptwoormoretopicshavetoeachother.Itmustbeexplicitlydefined.topicsplaythereMembers:thetopicsinvolvedintheassociationarecalledmembersRole:andthemembersplaytherole.typicalassociationsis-located-in,lived-in,written-byis-facillity-provided-by,requires-to-haveAssociation(Example)Associations(cont’’d)allnewlyintroducedtopicshastobedefined:is-located-in,building,locationalsothesetopicscanbelinkedwithassociationsassociationscanhaveanynumberofmembers(1,2,3,...)TopicOccurrencesTopicOccurrences(cont’d)ScopesnotalltopiccharacteristicsarevalidinallcontextsscopeslimitacharacteristicscopesaretopicsthemselvesScopes(cont’’d)occurrences:awebdocumentcouldbewritteningermanthedocumentisnotforabeginner,butanexpertavisatovisitacountryisnotrelevantforresidents,onlyfornon-residentsnamesthedocumentwritesabouttreesincomputersciencebutnotabouttreesinagricultureScopes(cont’’d)associations“SantaClausebringsthepresents”isgoodenoughforchildren,butnotforadultsScopes(cont’’d)ifnoscopewasdefined,thenthecharacteristicisvalidinALLscopesunconstrainedscopeScopes(Example)mergeMapA<mergeMap>elementreferencesanexternal<topicMap>elementthroughanxlink:hrefattributecontainingaURI.<!ELEMENTmergeMap(topicRef|resourceRef|subjectIndicatorRef)*><topicRef>TopicMap-DTDTopicMap-XMLTopicMap-XSLTopicMapsLimitationXML-enabledDatabaseandSearchEngineAssociationisonlyPartofRelationship(Non-directionalRelationship)Database-supportedTopicMapsWhatisanontologyPhilosophy:TheoryofexistenceAnontologyisanexplicitspecificationofobjectsandrelationsinthetargetworldintendedtosharewiththecommunityandtouseforbuildingamodelofthetargetworldItisataxonomyofconceptsOntologyTosupportthesharingandreuseofformallyrepresentedknowledge,itisusefultodefinethecommonvocabularyinwhichsharedknowledgeisrepresented.Aspecificationofarepresentationalvocabularyforashareddomainofdiscourse--definitionsofclasses,relations,functions,andotherobjects--iscalledanontology.OntologyOntologyisaSpecificationofaConceptualizationOntology:aformalexplicitdescriptionofconceptsandrelationshipinadomainofknowledgeClass--ConceptsSlot(roles,properties)--Features&attributesofConceptsFacet(rolerestriction)SubjectDescription&Analysis:Relationship:Vertical&HorizonHierarchical&StructuredSemanticandConceptualRelationshipOntologyClassesdescribeconceptsinthedomainAclasscanhavesubclassesthatrepresentconceptsthataremorespecificthanthesuperclassAnontologytogetherwithasetofindividualinstancesofclassesconstitutesaknowledgebaseOntologyendsandtheknowledgebasebeginsComponentsofanontologyConceptsTaxonomyoftheconceptsRelationsamongconceptsFormalspecificationoftheconceptsandrelationsOntologyhas:AcommonvocabularyAnexplicitrepresentationofthing(conceptualization)usuallyleftimplicitbehindasystemAnexplicitrepresentationofasharedunderstandingofthetargetworldOntologyEngineeringOntologyEngineering:DefiningtermsinthedomainandrelationsamongthemDefiningconceptsinthedomain(classes)Arrangingtheconceptsinahierarchy(subclass-superclasshierarchy)--(taxonomy)Definingwhichattributesandproperties(slots)classescanhaveandconstraintsontheirvaluesDefiningindividualsandfillinginslotvaluesOntologyWhatis“Ontology”?利用定義好的的字彙來描述述目前已存在在之實體以樹狀結(jié)構(gòu)勾勾畫出實體間間彼此之關(guān)係係進而建構(gòu)專業(yè)業(yè)領(lǐng)域中可解解釋並利用之之知識架構(gòu)提供一致性的的相關(guān)“詞詞彙”解釋釋與定義資訊呈現(xiàn)的單單一化資料分類與註註解的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化化ontologyConceptRelationInstancessubConceptOfrelation