1、1生產(chǎn)要素Factors of Production2生產(chǎn)要素是用來生產(chǎn)商品和服務(wù)的投入。Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and servi.第十八章 生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)The Market for the Factors of Production12循環(huán)流向圖The Circular-Flow DiagramRevenueMarket forSpending收益Goods支出 Goods &and ServiGoods &Servisold產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)市場(chǎng) Servi產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)出售boughtFirms產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)

2、Households企業(yè)家庭Inputs forLabor, land,productionand capital生產(chǎn)投入勞動(dòng),土地,資本W(wǎng)ages, rent,e 收入and profit4工資與利潤(rùn)Market for Factorsof Production生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)The Market for the Factors of Production生產(chǎn)要素需求是派生需求。The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand.企業(yè)對(duì)于生產(chǎn)要素的需求，是從它在其他市場(chǎng)上供給商品的決策中派生出來的。A firms dem

3、and for a factor of production is derived from its deci to supply a good in another market. “萬能的”供給與需求The Versatility of Supply and Demand.(a) 蘋果市場(chǎng)The Market for Apples(b) 摘蘋果工市場(chǎng)The Market for Applckers摘蘋果工工資Wage ofApple PickersW蘋果價(jià)格供給SupplyPrice of Apples供給SupplyP需求Demand需求Demand蘋果數(shù)量ty摘蘋果工數(shù)量0Q0Lty

4、of ckersof ApplesAppl3勞動(dòng)力需求The Demand For Labor5勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，跟經(jīng)濟(jì)中的其他市場(chǎng)一樣，是由供給和需求的力量支配的。 Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are erned by thefor of supply and demand.4生產(chǎn)函數(shù)和勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)出 The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor8生產(chǎn)函數(shù)描述使用的投入量與產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)出量之間的關(guān)系。The production function illust

5、rates the relationship betn thety of inputs used and thety of output of a good.勞動(dòng)力需求The Demand For Labor7大多數(shù)勞動(dòng)力的使用，不是作為最終產(chǎn)品供消費(fèi)者享受，而是投入其他物品的生產(chǎn)中。Most labor servi, rathern being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputso the production of other goods.5蘋果數(shù)量ty of Apples生產(chǎn)函數(shù)和勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)出The Pro

6、duction Function and TheMarginal Product of Labor勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)出是增加1勞動(dòng)所得到的產(chǎn)出量的增加。The marginal product of lathe increasehe amount of output from an additionait of labor.MPL = Q/LMPL = (Q2 Q1)/(L2 L1)10生產(chǎn)函數(shù)The Production Function.35030054250320021501001500001234569摘蘋果工的數(shù)量ty of Applckers6勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)值The Value of

7、the MarginalProduct of Labor邊際產(chǎn)值是投入的邊際產(chǎn)出乘以產(chǎn)出的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。The value of the marginal product is the marginal product of the input multipd by the market price of the output.VMPL = MPL X P12勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)出遞減Diminishing Marginal Product of Labor隨著工人數(shù)量增加，勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)出遞減。As the number of workers increases, the marginal produ

8、ct of labor declines.隨著工人數(shù)量愈來愈多，每個(gè)增加的工人對(duì)蘋果產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)小于前一個(gè)工人。As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to productionn the prior one.生產(chǎn)函數(shù)隨著工人數(shù)量的增加變得越來越平坦。The production functiones flatter as the number of workers rises.這一性質(zhì)稱為邊際產(chǎn)出遞減。This property is called diminishing margi

9、nal product.117邊際產(chǎn)值和勞動(dòng)力需求The Value of the Marginal Productand the Demand for Labor為了最大化利潤(rùn)，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的、利潤(rùn)最大化的企業(yè)雇傭工人的數(shù)量要在勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)值等于工資這一點(diǎn)上 。Toize profit, the competitive, profit-izing firm hires workers up to the powhere the value of marginal product of labor equals the wage.VMPL = Wage14勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)值The Value of t

10、he MarginalProduct of Labor勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)值以（或其他貨幣）來衡量。The value of the marginal product is measured in dollars.它隨著工人數(shù)量的增加而減少，因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格是恒定的。It diminishes as the number of workers rises because the market price of the good is constant.138邊際產(chǎn)值和勞動(dòng)力需求The Value of the Marginal Productand the Demand for Labor對(duì)于一個(gè)

11、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的、利潤(rùn)最大化的企業(yè)來說，邊際產(chǎn)值曲線就是勞動(dòng)需求曲線。The value-of-marginal-product curve is the labor demand curve for a competitive, profit-izing firm.16競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性企業(yè)如何決定雇傭工人的數(shù)量 How the Competitive Firm Decides How Much Labor to Hire勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)出 勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)值勞動(dòng)力 Labor L產(chǎn)出 Output QMarginal Product of LaborMPLValue of the Marginal Product

12、of Labor VMPL=PxMPL工資 Wage W邊際利潤(rùn)Marginal Profit Pr ofit VMPL WMPL Q/ L001100100$1,000$500$500218080$800$500$300324060$600$500$100428040$400$500-$100530020$200$500-$300159投入需求和產(chǎn)出供給 Input Demand and Output Supply18一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性企業(yè)雇傭越來越多的勞動(dòng)力，一直到邊際產(chǎn)值等于工資那一點(diǎn)。此時(shí)，它的產(chǎn)量也就達(dá)到了價(jià)格等于邊際成本的一點(diǎn)。 When a competitive firm hires

13、labor up to thepoat which the value of the marginal product equals the wage, it also produup to the poat which the price equals the marginal cost.勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)值The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor.Value ofthe Marginal Product邊際產(chǎn)值Market wage市場(chǎng)工資曲線） uct or)0Profit-izing ty of tyAppker1s7利潤(rùn)最大邊際產(chǎn)值（勞動(dòng)力需求

14、 Value of marginal prod (demand curve for lab化數(shù)量摘蘋果工數(shù)量10勞動(dòng)力供給曲線The Labor Supply Curve勞動(dòng)力供給曲線反映工人如何根據(jù)機(jī)會(huì)成本的變動(dòng)，作出勞動(dòng)閑暇的得失交換的決策。 The labor supply curve reflects how workers decis about the labor-leisure tradeoff respond to changes in opportunity cost.向上傾斜的勞動(dòng)力供給曲線意味著，工資上升使工人增加他們供給的勞動(dòng)量。An upward-slo labor

15、supply curve means t an increasehe wages induworkersto increase thety of labor they supply.20什么引起勞動(dòng)力需求曲線的移動(dòng) What Causes the Labor Demand Curve to Shift?產(chǎn)出價(jià)格 Output Price技術(shù)Technological Change其他要素的供給 Supply of Other factors1911什么引起勞動(dòng)力供給曲線移動(dòng) What Causes the Labor Supply Curve to Shift?嗜好變動(dòng) Changesaste

16、s可供選擇的機(jī)會(huì)改變 Changes in Alternative OpportunitiesImmigration22勞動(dòng)力供給曲線The Labor Supply Curve工資（勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格）Wage供給(price ofSupplylabor)0勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量ty of21Labor12勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的均衡 Equilibriumhe Labor Market.工資（勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格） Wage (price of labor)均衡工資 Equilibrium wage, W0均衡就業(yè)量勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量 24Equilibriumty ofemployment, LLabor供給Supply需求Demand

17、勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的均衡 Equilibriumhe Labor Market工資調(diào)整使勞動(dòng)力的供求平衡。The wage adjusts to balance the supply and demand for labor.工資等于勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)值。The wage equals the value of the marginal product of labor.2313勞動(dòng)力供給的移動(dòng)A Shift in Labor Supply.Wage加(price ofinlabor)y.工資（勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格）W1 W22. 降低工資 reduthe wage.nt.0L1L2勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量26ty of Lab

18、or1. 勞動(dòng)力供給增供給 Supply, S1An increaseS2 labor suppl需求 Demand3. 以及增加了就業(yè) and raises employme勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的均衡 Equilibriumhe Labor Market勞動(dòng)力的供給和需求決定均衡工資。 Labor supply and labor demand determine the equilibrium wage.勞動(dòng)力供給或需求曲線的移動(dòng)導(dǎo)致均衡工資改變。Shiftshe supply or demand curve for labor cause the equilibrium wage to chang

19、e.2514勞動(dòng)力需求的移動(dòng)A Shift in Labor Demand.Wage (price of labor)工資（勞動(dòng)力價(jià)格W）2W1.2. 工資 increases the wage.0L1L2ty of3. 以及增加了就業(yè) and Lab2o8 rincreases employment.供給 Supply1. 勞動(dòng)力需求增加 An increase in labor demand.D2需求 Demand, D1勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量勞動(dòng)力供給的移動(dòng)A Shift in Labor Supply勞動(dòng)力供給的增加 An increasehe supply of labor :導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)力過剩 R

20、esults in a surplus of labor.對(duì)工資施加向下的壓力 Puts downward prere on wages.使得企業(yè)多雇傭工人變得有利可圖 Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)出下降 Results in diminishing marginal product.降低了勞動(dòng)力的邊際產(chǎn)值 Lowers the value of the marginal product.產(chǎn)生了新的均衡 Gives a new equilibrium.2715生產(chǎn)率的三個(gè)決定Three Determin

21、ants ofProductivity物質(zhì)資本 Physical Capital當(dāng)工人用來工作的設(shè)備和建筑物越多時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)得越多。 When workers work wi largerty of equipment and structures, they produce more.人力資本 Human Capital當(dāng)工人受教育越多時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)得越多。When workers are more educated, they produce more.技術(shù)知識(shí) Technological Knowledge當(dāng)工人使用越先進(jìn)的技術(shù)時(shí)，他們生產(chǎn)得越多。When workers have acs

22、 to more sophisticated technologies, they produce more.30勞動(dòng)力需求的移動(dòng)Shifts in Labor Demand勞動(dòng)力需求的增加An increasehe demand for labor :使得企業(yè)多雇傭工人變得有利可圖。Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers.對(duì)工資產(chǎn)生向上的壓力。Puts upward prere on wages.提高了邊際產(chǎn)值。Raises the value of the marginal product.產(chǎn)生了新的均衡。Gives a new

23、 equilibrium.2916世界各國與地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)率與工資增長(zhǎng) Productivity and Wage Growth around the World32CountryGrowth Rate of ProductivityGrowth Rate of RealWagesSouth Korea8.57.95.54.9Singapore5.35.0Indonesia4.04.4Japan3.62.03.13.4United Kingdom2.42.4United Ses1.70.5Brazil0.4-2.4Mexico-0.2-3.0Argentina-0.9-1.3Iran-1.4-7.

24、9的生產(chǎn)率與工資的增長(zhǎng)Productivity and Wage Growthhe United Ses31Time PeriodGrowth Rate of ProductivityGrowth Rate of Wages1959 - 19971.81.71959 - 19732.92.91973 - 19971.11.017土地和資本的價(jià)格Priof Land and Capital價(jià)格是一個(gè)人為了無限期地?fù)碛心切┥a(chǎn)要素而支付的價(jià)格。The purchase price is whatrson pays to own a factor of production indefiniy.租賃

25、價(jià)格是一個(gè)人為了在一個(gè)有限時(shí)期內(nèi)使用那些生產(chǎn)要素而支付的價(jià)格。The rental price is whatrson pays to use a factor of production for a limited period of time.34其他生產(chǎn)要素：土地和資本 Other Factors of Production: Land and Capital資本指生產(chǎn)中所用的設(shè)備與建筑物存量。 Capital refers to the stock of equipment and structures used for production.經(jīng)濟(jì)中的資本代表現(xiàn)在正用于生產(chǎn)新物品和服務(wù)

26、的、過去生產(chǎn)的物品的積累。The economys capital represents the accumulation of goods producedhe pastt are being usedhe present to produce new goods and servi .3318土地和資本市場(chǎng)The Markets for Land and Capital.(a) 土地市場(chǎng)(b) 資本市場(chǎng)The Market for LandThe Market for Capital供給資本的租土地的租賃價(jià)格賃價(jià)格ntal供給Rentalice ofSupplyPrice ofpitalL

27、andPP需求Demand資本數(shù)量Qty ofof LandCapitalSupplyRePr Ca需求Demand土地?cái)?shù)量土地和資本市場(chǎng)的均衡 Equilibriumarkets for Land and Capital土地和資本的租賃價(jià)格是由供給和需求決定的。The rental price of land and the rental price of capital are determined by supply and demand.企業(yè)增加要素使用量，直到要素的邊際產(chǎn)值等于要素價(jià)格。The firm increases thety hired until the value of

28、 the factors marginal product equals the factors price.3519生產(chǎn)要間的聯(lián)系 Linkages Among the Factors of Production生產(chǎn)要素是一起使用的。Factors of production are used together.任何一種要素的邊際產(chǎn)量取決于可以得到的所有要素的數(shù)量。The marginal product of any one factor depends on theties of all factorst are available.38土地和資本市場(chǎng)的均衡 Equilibriumark

29、ets for Land and Capital每個(gè)要素的租賃價(jià)格必須等于他們的邊際產(chǎn)值。Each factors rental price must equal the value of their marginal product.他們各自賺到了他們對(duì)生產(chǎn)過程邊際貢獻(xiàn)的價(jià)值。They each earn the value of their marginal contribution to the production pros.3720生產(chǎn)要間的聯(lián)系 Linkages Among the Factors of Production任何一種要素收入的變化 ，都可以通過分析這一事件對(duì)其邊際產(chǎn)

30、值的影響來發(fā)現(xiàn)。A change in earnings of any factor can be found byyzing the impact of the event on the value of the marginal product oft factor.40生產(chǎn)要間的聯(lián)系 Linkages Among the Factors of Production39一種生產(chǎn)要素供給的變化會(huì)改變所有要素的收入。A changehe supply of one factor alters the earnings of all the factors.21總結(jié) Summary勞動(dòng)力的供給產(chǎn)

31、生于個(gè)人工作和閑暇的權(quán)衡 The supply of labor arises from individuals tradeo et n work and leisure.向上傾斜的勞動(dòng)力供給曲線意味著，人們對(duì)工資上升的反應(yīng)是享受更少閑暇和工作更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。An upward-slolabor supply curve meanst people respond to an increase in the wage by enjoying less leisure and working more hours.42總結(jié) Summary經(jīng)濟(jì)的收入是在生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)上分配的。三種最重要的生產(chǎn)要素是勞動(dòng)力、土地和資本。The economyse is distributedhe markets for the factors of production.The three most important factors of producti