1、 高一化學(xué)必修一化學(xué)方程式總結(jié)1、鈉及其化合物的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系na o2naclnanacl23na o22na o2hcl=2naclh o2na2hcl=2naclh 222na o2h =2na h o2na2h =2na h 2222na o 4hcl=4naclo 2h o4nao =2na o2222222na o 4h =4na o 2h o2na2h o=2naohh +2222222nao2na o2na2h o=2na +2oh h +2222na oh o=2naoh2na o 2h o=4naoho 222222na oh o=2na 2oh2na o 2h o=4na 4o

2、h o 222222na oco =na co2na o 2co =2na co o22232222322naohco =na co h ona co ca(oh) =caco +2naoh223223232oh co =co h oco ca =caco 2 2223233naohco =nahcona co h oco =2nahco2323223oh co =hcoco h oco =2hco22332232nahco3na co h oco 或 nahco naoh=na co h o23223232hco oh =co h o2332na co 2hcl=2naclh oco nah

3、co hcl=naclh oco 2322322co 2h =h oco hco h =h oco 2322322補充：石灰水中加入少量 nahco ： ca(oh) nahco =caco naohh o32332ca oh hco =caco h o2332石灰水中加入過量 nahco ：ca(oh) 2nahco =caco na co 2h o3233232ca 2oh 2hco =caco co +2h o2233322、鋁及其化合物的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系alcl3alal oal(oh)kal(so )2334 2naalo2 2al6hcl=2alcl 3h 4al3o22al o32322

4、al6h =2al 3h 322al2naoh2h o=2naalo 3h al o 6hcl=2alcl 3h o22223322al2oh 2h o=2alo 3h al o 6h =2al 3h o3222232al o 2naoh=2naalo h oalcl 3nh h o=al(oh) 3nh cl232233234al o 2oh =2alo h oal 3nh h o = al(oh) 3nh323223234al(oh) 3hcl=alcl 3h o2al(oh)3al o 3h o332232al(oh) 3h =al 3h o332naalo hclh o =al(oh)

5、 nacl或naalo 2h oco =al(oh) nahco22322233alo h h o=al(oh) alo 2h oco =al(oh) hco22322233al(oh) naoh = naalo 2h oal 3h oal(oh) 膠體3h33222明礬凈水3al(oh) oh = alo 2h o322alcl 4naoh = naalo 3nacl2h oal 4oh = alo 2h o3322223、鐵及其化合物的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系fe ofefecl2fe(oh)234 fe(scn)3fecl3fe(oh)3fe o32高溫fe o 4co3fe4co2 3fe4h o(g

6、)fe o 4h342342點燃 fe2hcl=fecl h 或 3fe2o2fe o4322點燃fe2h =fe h 2fe3cl22fecl3222fecl cl = 2feclfe2fecl = 3fecl222332fe cl = 2fe 2clfe2fe = 3fe22332fecl 2naoh = fe(oh) 2naclfe(oh) 2hcl = fecl 2h o22222fe 2oh = fe(oh) fe(oh) 2h = fe 2h o222224fe(oh) o 2h o = 4fe(oh)fecl 3naoh = fe(oh) 3nacl222333白色沉淀迅速變成灰

7、綠色，最后變成紅褐色 fe 3oh = fe(oh) 33fe(oh) 3hcl = fecl 3h ofe 3h ofe(oh) 膠體3h (凈水)333223fe(oh) 3h = fe 3h o2fe(oh)3fe o 3h o332232fe o 6hcl = 2fecl 3h ofecl 3kscn = fe(scn) 3kcl233233fe o 6h = 2fe 3h ofe 3scn = fe(scn)332323 4、硅及其化合物的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系sif4sio2sio2高溫sio 2csi2co2sisio2casio3sio 4hf = sif 2h o（刻蝕玻璃）242si4h

8、f = sif 2h 42高溫sio caocasio3na sioh sio22323高溫sio 2naoh = na sio h osio cacocasio co 22322332sio 2oh = sio h ona sio 2hcl = h sio 2nacl22322323高溫sio na cona sio co sio 2h = h sio 2223232323na sio h oco =h sio na co 或na sio 2h o2co =h sio 2nahco232223232322233sio h oco =h sio co 或 sio 2h o2co =h sio

9、2hco222322233322233h sio 2naoh = na sio 2h oh sioh osio223232232h sio 2oh = sio 2h o223325、氯及其化合物的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系點燃2fe3cl22fecl3hcloca(clo)2點燃cucl2cucl22fecl cu = 2fecl cucl322hclcl2naclo2fe3cu = 2fe2cu2點燃h cl2hcl22或光照mno 4hcl(濃) mncl cl 2h ocucl2fecl32222mno 4h 2cl mn cl 2h o2222cl h o = hclhclo2hclo光照光照2hclo

10、 222cl h o = h cl hclo2hclo2h 2cl o 222cl 2naoh = naclnacloh o 2cl 2ca(oh) = cacl ca(clo) 2h o222工業(yè)制漂白粉2222cl 2oh = cl clo h o22ca(clo) h oco = caco 2hclo 或 ca(clo) 2hcl = cacl 2hclo222322ca 2clo h oco = caco 2hclo 或 clo h = hclo22漂白粉的漂白原理23向漂白粉溶液中通入過量的 co ：ca(clo) 2h o2co = ca(hco ) 2hclo22223 2clo

11、 h oco = hco hclo223 6、硫及其化合物的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系cuc點燃so2so2sh so24 2h sso =3s2h o222催化劑加熱caso3caso4so o22so32氯水so h o = h so3224so caocaso3或so ca(oh) = caso h o22232so cao = casoso ca 2oh =caso h o234232so ca(oh) = caso h o2caso o2caso4324232so cl 2h o = h so 2hcl cu2h so (濃)cuso so 2h o2222424422so cl 2h o = 4h

12、so 2cl cu2h so (濃)cu so so 2h o2 22222424422c2h so (濃)co 2so 2h o242227、氮及其化合物的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系n o高溫或放電2no22n2nh3nh cl2noo = 2no4223no h o = 2hno no2233no h o =2h 2no no223以上三個反應(yīng)為“雷雨發(fā)莊稼”原理nono2hno34no o 2h o = 4hno擴展反應(yīng)有：22234no3o 2h o = 4hno223cu4hno (濃) = cu(no ) 2no 2h o上面兩個反應(yīng)主要用于氣體溶于水時的計算33 222cu4h 2no =cu 2

13、no 2h o或 4hno34no + o + 2h o光照2322222c4hno (濃)co 2no 2h o濃硝酸見光易變黃的原因3222催化劑3cu8hno (稀) = 3cu(no ) 2no4h o n 3h2nh3合成氨反應(yīng)是人工固氮的主要途徑33 2222高溫高壓3cu8h 2no =3cu 2no4h o232nh hcl = nh clnh clnh hcl3443nh h = nh （水溶液中）補充：nh hco nh +h o+co 3氨氣與酸均能反應(yīng)生成銨鹽，且與揮發(fā)性酸4433銨鹽受熱都易分解，但并不是所有的銨鹽22（如濃 hcl、濃 hno ）相遇時空氣中有白煙都分解出氨氣，如 nh no